AIRPORT
INDUSTRY
CONNECTIVITY
REPORT 2019
CONTENTS
05
06
07
15
23
31
35
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................
THE PASSENGER PERSPECTIVE OF AIR CONNECTIVITY ...........
DIRECT CONNECTIVITY ..............................................................................
HUB CONNECTIVITY ....................................................................................
EUROPEAN & EU MARKETS OVERVIEW ............................................
AIR CONNECTIVITY & AIRLINE BUSINESS MODELS ...................
APPENDIXES ....................................................................................................
INTRODUCTION
Air connectivity is the essence of international mobility, the lifeblood of our globalised world – and an
essential element of both national and regional accessibility & development. The exercise of boarding
or disembarking from an aircraft may seem quite banal to so many people now, but this report is
about taking a step back and looking at the bigger picture. What does air connectivity recoup and
involve? How do we measure which airports have the best direct connectivity? Which ones facilitate
the most connecting ights and what are the underlying competitive dynamics? And what do we
gain from measuring it?
This report delves into the dynamics and performance of air connectivity for and across our continent
– down to each individual airport that is part of the European aviation system. As such, the dierent
types of air connectivity indexes we use - direct, indirect and hub connectivity – are useful metrics for
airports themselves, but also for policy makers who may want to include connectivity data as part of
their assessments and decision-making process.
While trac gures account for the mere size and volumes involved in air transport, our connectivity
data provides a measure that is arguably more directly related to its societal benets – in
particular in economic terms. Indeed, a 10% increase in direct air connectivity comes with a 0.5%
additional increase in GDP per capita. It is thus no surprise that citizens’ access to air connectivity
is a fundamental part of the equation for economic and social cohesion – one of the reasons why
Europe’s regions are mindful of the positive externalities a well-connected airport can bring – as vital
infrastructure that facilitates tourism, foreign direct investment and more.
As with previous editions, this year’s report comprehensively measures and analyses the way Europe’s
air connectivity has evolved over the past decade. Using the SEO NetScan connectivity model, the
report provides the indexes that matter most in analysing citizens’ access to direct, indirect and hub
connectivity, based on both quantitative and qualitative metrics. This means that this is not simply
a measure of how many city pairs there are, or how many direct services there are. For the purposes
of this report, connectivity is a composite measure of the number of destinations, the frequency of
services and the quality of the connections (in the case of hubbing or indirect services).
THE PASSENGER
PERSPECTIVE OF
AIR CONNECTIVITY
Let’s begin by outlining the various
types of air connectivity from the
perspective of the air traveller.
The one who wants to get from A to B.
Or sometimes, from A to B to C.
The following denitions describe
them and together they provide a
comprehensive picture of connectivity
provided by an airport – and how it links
its communities to the rest of the world.
DIRECT CONNECTIVITY
These are the direct air services available from the airport – measured not just in terms
of destinations, but also factoring in the frequency of ights to the same destination
(so for example, an airport with 5 daily ights to another airport, will register a higher
score than one with only 4).
INDIRECT CONNECTIVITY
This measures the number of places people can y to, through a connecting ight at
hub airports from a particular airport. For example, if you y from Cork to a hub airport
such as Amsterdam Schiphol, that’s a direct ight from to A to B. But with the vast
choice of onward destinations you can y to from there – the large number of available
onward connections from these airports expands the range of destinations available
from the airport of origin. Indirect connections are weighted according to their quality,
based on connecting time and detour involved with the indirect routing. For example,
a ight from Manchester to Johannesburg via Paris-Charles de Gaulle will register a
higher score than an alternative routing via Doha.
AIRPORT CONNECTIVITY
As the name suggests, this is the most comprehensive metric for airport connectivity –
taking into account both direct and indirect connectivity from the airport in question.
Airport connectivity is dened as the sum of direct and indirect connectivity – thus
measuring the overall level to which an airport is connected to the rest of the World,
either by direct ights or indirect connections via other airports.
HUB CONNECTIVITY
Hub connectivity is the key metric for any hub airport big or smaller. Essentially, it
measures the number of connecting ights that can be facilitated by the hub airport
in question – taking into account a minimum and maximum connecting time, and
weighing the quality of the connections by the detour involved and connecting times.
6 | AIRPORT INDUSTRY CONNECTIVITY REPORT 2019
DIRECT CONNECTIVITY
Compared with previous years, direct connectivity from Europe’s airports is rather weak in 2019
(+1.2%). This is happening despite the fact that passenger trac, while moderating this year
compared to previous ones, is still expanding by +4.4% (Q1 2019).
Passenger trac and direct connectivity tend to be closely correlated, so this year’s gap between
the two indicators is a rather unusual pattern. This weak expansion in direct connectivity is the
result of the following factors:
• Airline consolidation. Since June 2018, several European airlines have gone out of business
including Azur Air Germany, VLM, Primera Air, Cobalt, Small Planet, BMI, Germania and WOW.
• Airlines becoming risk averse in their network development & capacity expansion.
This reects oil prices volatility, increased costs & missed opportunities associated with
ATM disruptions (including the need to schedule buer times to compensate for delays
and allocate more aircraft in reserve) as well as a more uncertain economic outlook and
continued geopolitical risks.
• Increasing capacity constraints at European airports – especially at peak times. This
is leading airlines to prioritise growth through larger aircraft & higher load factors on
existing routes & frequencies rather than network expansion.
Geographically, a near stall in direct connectivity is aecting the biggest markets: intra-Europe
(+0.7%) and Europe-North America (-0.8%), which are also those where the impact of airline
consolidation are felt. Direct connectivity from Europe to the rest of the World keeps increasing
with Europe-Africa (+11.1%) leading, followed by Europe-Middle East (+9.9%), Europe-
Asia Pacic (+6.9%) and Europe-Latin America (+4.5%).
Amongst the dierent categories of airports, smaller regional airports (less than 5 million
passengers per annum) are experiencing a signicant drop in direct connectivity (-2.9%)
this year. Indeed, route & network development is becoming harder to secure for these airports,
as in addition to the above-mentioned factors (airline consolidation & risk aversity in capacity
expansion), Low Cost Carriers (LCCs) moving up market into larger airports also impacts their direct
connectivity. Conversely, larger airports (more than 25 million passengers) are performing the
best (+2%).
This weakness in direct connectivity comes after 4 years of signicant gains (+20.1% between
2014 and 2018). The last dip in direct connectivity levels coincided with the European sovereign
debt crisis and much lower demand for air transport.
1
WEAK DIRECT
CONNECTIVITY
GAINS IN 2019
8
GRAPH 1: GROWTH OF DIRECT CONNECTIVITY & TOTAL PASSENGERS BETWEEN 2009 AND 2019
4.3%
4.4%
2.6%
7.0%
0.0%
1.7%
-0.7%
3.2%
0.7%
5.5%
4.2%
5.2%
4.5%
5.2%
4.3%
8.5%
5.8%
6.1%
1.2%
4.4%*
DIRECT CONNECTIVITY
TOTAL PASSENGERS
2010
VS
2009
2019
VS
2018
2018
VS
2017
2017
VS
2016
2016
VS
2015
2015
VS
2014
2014
VS
2013
2013
VS
2012
2012
VS
2011
2011
VS
2010
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
-2%
*Q1 2019.
AIRPORT INDUSTRY CONNECTIVITY REPORT 2019 | 9
GRAPH 2: DIRECT CONNECTIVITY 2019 VS 2018 BY AIRPORT CATEGORIES  % GROWTH
>25
mppa
+0.9%
+2%
+1.5%
+1.3%
-2.4%
-2.9%
25-10
mppa
<5
mppa
10-5
mppa
WITH CAPITALS
WITHOUT CAPITALS (REGIONALS)
*mppa: million passengers per annum
10 | AIRPORT INDUSTRY CONNECTIVITY REPORT 2019
Frankfurt remains the No.1 airport in Europe in terms of direct connectivity in 2019,
a position it acquired last year on the back of signicant network expansion of both
Lufthansa and Low Cost Carriers. However, the airport is not seeing its direct connectivity
increasing this year compared to 2018 – with Lufthansa’s direct connectivity at its primary
hub actually decreasing by -1.9%.
Likewise, Amsterdam-Schiphol also conrms its position as No.2 without seeing its direct
connectivity increasing this year – due to the airport having reached its capacity limits. Over
the past 10 years, Amsterdam-Schiphol has gone from the 6
th
to the 2
nd
position, growing its
direct connectivity by +30%.
Direct connectivity gains at Paris-CDG (+3.2% – mainly driven by Low Cost Carriers as Air
France’s direct connectivity at the airport is almost at) sees the airports taking over the
3rd position from London-Heathrow (+0.3%) – with the latter having thus retrenched
from the 2
nd
to the 4
th
position since 2009 as a result of capacity limitations – followed by
the new Istanbul airport (+3.6% compared to Istanbul-Ataturk – No.5).
Amongst the top 20 European airports for direct connectivity, the best performances in
2019 come from the following:
• Moscow Sheremetyevo: +17.1% on the back of the continued expansion of Aeroot
– jumping from the 10
th
to the 8
th
position and now surpassing Barcelona (No.9) and
Rome-Fiumicino (No.10).
• Vienna: +13.8% fuelled by Low Cost Carriers entering the market and Austrian
Airlines responding – jumping from the 18
th
to the 12
th
position.
• Athens: +7.7% – jumping from the 20
th
to the 19
th
position and now surpassing Dublin.
At the other end of the spectrum, Stockholm-Arlanda (-5.2%) is experiencing a signicant
drop in direct connectivity as a result of the combination of the bankruptcy of Nextjet, the
national aviation tax introduced last year and changing public attitudes towards aviation.
This decrease in direct connectivity is estimated to be associated with a 0.25% slower
growth in GDP per capita, involving an estimated €1.2 billion of foregone economic output
locally. Oslo (-2.8%), Copenhagen (-2.3%) and Munich (-1.6%, mainly due to the impact
of the bankruptcy of BMI) are also seeing a decrease in direct connectivity this year.
2.
FRANKFURT
STAYS ON TOP
PARISCDG
SURPASSES
LONDON
HEATHROW
AIRPORT INDUSTRY CONNECTIVITY REPORT 2019 | 11
5,098
+0.0%
GRAPH 3: DIRECT CONNECTIVITY – TOP 20 AIRPORTS IN EUROPE 2019 (% GROWTH OVER 2018 & RANKING IN 2018 & 2009)
2009 2018 2019 CODE
3 1
1 FRA
6 2
2 AMS
1 4
3 CDG
2 3
4 LHR
11 5
5 IST
5 6
6 MUC
4 7
7 MAD
30 10
8 SVO
8 8
9 BCN
7 9
10 FCO
9 11
11 LGW
10 18
12 VIE
12 12
13 CPH
19 15
14 PMI
13 16
15 ZRH
16 13
16 OSL
14 17
17 ORY
21 14
18 ARN
17 20
19 ATH
23 19
20 DUB
4,869
+0.2%
4,759
+3.2%
4,681
+0.3%
4,474
+3.6%
4,051
-1.6%
3,977
+4.2%
3,740
+17.1%
3,452
+1.9%
3,289
+2.6%
2,961
+0.4%
2,754
+13.8%
2,629
-2.3%
2,623
+3.9%
2,527
+0.3%
2,494
-2.8%
2,405
-1.8%
2,402
-5.2%
2,376
+7.7%
2,353
+0.9%
12 | AIRPORT INDUSTRY CONNECTIVITY REPORT 2019
3.
TOP
PERFORMERS
 BY AIRPORT
TRAFFIC
CATEGORIES
+22.7%
GROUP 1
RANK CODE CITY
1
AYT Antalya
2
SVO Moscow
3
VIE Vienna
4
SAW Istanbul
5
MAD Madrid
GROUP 2
RANK CODE CITY
1
KBP Kyiv
2
TXL Berlin
3
TLV Tel-Aviv
4
TFS Tenerife
5
MXP Milan
GROUP 3
RANK CODE CITY
1
SVQ Sevilla
2
KRK Kraków
3
AER Sochi
4
EIN Eindhoven
5
BRI Bari
GROUP 4
RANK CODE CITY
1
TGM Târgu Mures
2
JTY Astypalaia
3
VIT Vitoria-Gasteiz
4
LRS Leros
5
PXO Porto Santo
GRAPH 4: TOP 5s DIRECT CONNECTIVITY: 2019 VS 2018
+4.2%
+17.1%
+13.8%
+8.0%
+17.7%
+8.4%
+12.3%
+10.4%
+9.6%
+20.4%
+9.2%
+16.5%
+15.0%
+10.9%
+798.6%
+66.7%
+114.9%
+83.3%
+67.6%
AIRPORT INDUSTRY CONNECTIVITY REPORT 2019 | 13
GROUP 1
RANK CODE CITY
1
AYT Antalya
2
SVO Moscow
3
LIS Lisbon
4
SAW Istanbul
5
DUB Dublin
GRAPH 5: TOP 5s DIRECT CONNECTIVITY: 2019 VS 2014
GROUP 2
RANK CODE CITY
1
ATH Athens
2
OPO Porto
3
TLV Tel-Aviv
4
OTP Bucharest
5
WAW Warsaw
GROUP 3
RANK CODE CITY
1
KRK Kraków
2
LCA Larnaca
3
SVQ Sevilla
4
NAP Naples
5
TFN Tenerife
GROUP 4
RANK CODE CITY
1
OHD Ohrid
2
JNX Naxos
3
BUS Batumi
4
YEI Yenisehir
5
OSI Osijek
+91.5%
+37.5%
+61.5%
+44.3%
+37.9%
+63.6%
+51.5%
+63.2%
+58.8%
+56.2%
+83.4%
+58.2%
+81.1%
+66.6%
+61.2%
+750.9%
+331.2%
+455.6%
+396.0%
+350.0%
GROUP 1
RANK CODE CITY
1
SAW Istanbul
2
AYT Antalya
3
SVO Moscow
4
IST Istanbul
5
LIS Lisbon
GROUP 2
RANK CODE CITY
1
TLV Tel-Aviv
2
OPO Porto
3
ADB Izmir
4
TFS Tenerife
5
ESB Ankara
GROUP 3
RANK CODE CITY
1
EIN Eindhoven
2
KEF Keflavik
3
ADA Adana
4
NTE Nantes
5
CRL Charleroi
GROUP 4
RANK CODE CITY
1
KLX Kalamata
2
BUS Batumi
3
OSI Osijek
4
INI Nis
5
JNX Naxos
GRAPH 6: TOP 5s DIRECT CONNECTIVITY: 2019 VS 2009
+523.7%
+80.2%
+257.6%
+178.2%
+89.6%
+122.1%
+102.7%
+118.7%
+116.0%
+112.2%
+257.6%
+104.3%
+187.8%
+149.8%
+114.2%
+1467.1%
+525.0%
+817.0%
+799.4%
+633.3%
14 | AIRPORT INDUSTRY CONNECTIVITY REPORT 2019
HUB CONNECTIVITY
This year’s ndings reveal that Europe continues to dominate the global
league of hub airports – with 9 airports coming from Europe amongst the top
20 Global league for hub connectivity.
In 2019, Frankfurt remains the airport oering the best hub connectivity
worldwide – although not increasing compared to the preceding year (-0.2%).
This reects the decision of the Lufthansa Group to prioritise Munich Airport for
its network development.
Amsterdam-Schiphol (+0.8%) cedes second place to Dallas-Fort Worth
(+18.3%) as capacity constraints limit development of connectivity, while
Paris-CDG remains No.4 (-2.1%) and Atlanta No.5 (+4.5%). Meanwhile,
Munich (+2.2%) conrms its No. 8 position and London-Heathrow (+0.8%)
further retrenches from No.9 to No.10.
Apart from Dallas-Fort Worth, the best performers amongst the top 20
Global Hub Connectivity league are:
• Istanbul (+16.9%) – from the 7
th
to the 6
th
position, replacing Chicago-
O’Hare (-3.8% – now No.9).
• Denver (+23%), which is seeing the highest increase in hub
connectivity and has now jumped to the 7
th
position from the 10
th
.
• Toronto-Pearson (+20.1%) improves its position from 12
th
to 11
th
.
Moscow-Sheremetyevo (+22.1%) makes it to the 15
th
position from
the 17
th
.
• Doha (+14.4%) bounces back after a sharp decrease last year (-20.5%
in 2018) and remains in the 18
th
position.
Conversely, the performance of the 6 EU hubs (FRA, AMS, CDG, MUC, LHR &
MAD – the Majors) included in this top 20 league is more subdued. While their
hub connectivity increased +8.9% in 2018, it is only growing by +0.9% this year –
with Madrid-Barajas (+9.9%) achieving the best result, in large part driven by the
expansion of Air Europa (the airline’s direct connectivity at the airport increased by
+20%).
1.
FRA REMAINS ON
TOP
DFW SURPASSES
AMS
IST & SVO
CLIMBING UP
GRAPH 7: HUB CONNECTIVITY – TOP 20 AIRPORTS WORLDWIDE 2019 % GROWTH OVER 2018 & RANKING IN 2018 AND 2009
78,773
-0.2%
2009 2018 2019 CODE
1 1
1 FRA
4 3
2 DFW
7 2
3 AMS
2 4
4 CDG
3 5
5 ATL
21 7
6 IST
8 10
7 DEN
12 8
8 MUC
5 6
9 ORD
9 9
10 LHR
15 12
11 YYZ
22 11
12 DXB
11 13
13 EWR
14 14
14 CLT
39 17
15 SVO
6 15
16 IAH
13 16
17 MAD
41 18
18 DOH
17 19
19 ZRH
40 20
20 PVG
62,093
+18.3%
58,263
+0.8%
47,556
-2.1%
44,108
+4.5%
41,539
+16.9%
38,807
+23.0%
36,058
+2.2%
34,656
-3.8%
33,904
+0.8%
33,544
+20.1%
28,387
-2.4%
27,412
-0.4%
25,145
-0.4%
24,879
+22.1%
23,366
-2.6%
22,933
+9.9%
20,799
+14.4%
18,392
+8.7%
17,743
+9.5%
AIRPORT INDUSTRY CONNECTIVITY REPORT 2019 | 17
Looking at the performance of the top 20 Global hubs over the past 10 years,
competitive dynamics are pretty obvious with the impressive rise in hub
connectivity achieved by Doha (+501.0%), Moscow-Sheremetyevo (+446.3%),
Istanbul (+353.3%), Shanghai (+340.2%) and Dubai (+250.8%) – and the
retrenchment of Paris-CDG (-7.7%), Atlanta (-11.3%) and Houston (-31.2%).
Amongst EU hubs, Amsterdam-Schiphol (+72.7%), Zurich (+44.8%) and Munich
(+44.2%) still achieved signicant gains in hub connectivity over the same
period, followed by Frankfurt (+28.4%), Madrid-Barajas (+17.9%) and London-
Heathrow (+13.8%).
Beyond the top 20 Global hubs and other well established hubs (Singapore,
Hong Kong, Bangkok, Beijing, Kuala Lumpur and Abu Dhabi), several airports in
emerging markets have also developed their hub connectivity aggressively since
2009 – positioning themselves as new competitors & challengers for European
hubs on specic trac ows. This is the case in particular of:
• Guangzhou (+928.0%), leading hub connectivity growth in China along
with Shenzhen (+412.6%), Chengdu (+242.0%) and Kunming (+220.7%).
• Muscat (+609.0%) – the hub newcomer in the Middle East serving demand
between Europe and Asia, along with Amman (+94.1%).
• Addis Ababa (+492.9%) and Nairobi (+91.2%) – increasingly capturing
demand between North America/Europe and Africa.
• Casablanca (+87.4%) – steadily reinforcing its niche on trac ows
between Europe and Western Africa.
• New Delhi (+459.5%) and Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
(+106.4%) – on trac ows between Europe and India & Southeast Asia.
• Panama City (+469.9%) – although not really a competitor for European
hubs due to its geographical location and the fact that Copa – its home
based network carrier – is not ying into Europe.
This shows that the hub competition battleground is expanding globally – and
that it is no longer limited to airports in Europe, the Gulf and North America.
2.
HUB DYNAMICS
 GLOBAL
COMPETITION
GRAPH 8: HUB CONNECTIVITY – TOP 20 AIRPORTS WORLDWIDE & EMERGING HUBS % GROWTH 2019 OVER 2009
RANK CODE
1
CAN
2
MCT
3
DOH
4
ADD
5
PTY
6
DEL
7
SVO
8
SZX
9
IST
10
PVG
11
DXB
12
CTU
13
KMG
14
BOM
15
YYZ
16
AMM
RANK CODE
17
NBO
18
CMN
19
AMS
20
DFW
21
ZRH
22
MUC
23
CLT
24
DEN
25
FRA
26
MAD
27
LHR
28
EWR
29
ORD
30
CDG
31
ATL
32
IAH
+106.4%
+103.9%
+94.1%
+44.2%
+87.4%
+91.2%
+30.2%
+59.7%
+44.8%
+72.7%
+28.4%
+32.5%
+3.0%
+17.9%
-0.9%
+13.8%
-31.2%
-7.7%
-11.3%
+609.0%
+928.0%
+492.9%
+469.6%
+501.0%
+446.3%
+412.6%
+459.5%
+353.3%
+340.2%
+242.0%
+220.7%
+250.8%
AIRPORT INDUSTRY CONNECTIVITY REPORT 2019 | 19
Within the European market, hub competition has also diversied and
intensied over the past 10 years with the Majors (+40.6% – but just
+26.4% without Istanbul) facing increasing pressures not just from Secondary
Hubs (+67.6%) but also from Niche & Smaller Hubs (+83.2%) – both having
signicantly increased their hub connectivity.
• Amongst Secondary Hubs, the performance of Moscow-Sheremetyevo
(+446.3%), Helsinki (+140.0%) and Zurich (+44.8%) stands out.
• Amongst Niche & Smaller Hubs, Istanbul-Sabiha Gokcen (+2333.9%)
and Keavik (+923.8%) have now established themselves as fully
edged hubs, while Dublin (+408.8%), Warsaw (+336.1%), Moscow-
Domodedovo (+304.3%), Lisbon (+155.5%) and Stockholm-Arlanda
(+129.1%) have also taken a leading position in hub connectivity growth
since 2009.
• LCCs & Self Connectors – a new hub breed. Apart from the above airports,
the recent development of connecting products by easyJet and Ryanair
at London-Gatwick, Bergamo, Brussels-South (Charleroi) and Porto
is also giving to these airports new hubbing capabilities, in addition to
their initial point-to-point focus. Similarly, the initiative launched this
June by Nice Côte d’Azur (‘Nice Connect’ – 23.000 weekly connecting
opportunities) to facilitate self-connections is also putting the airport
on the hub map. The associated hub connectivity performance of these
airports is however not fully captured by the hub connectivity index used
for this report – as it does not take into account connections between
airlines without a codeshare agreement on the respective route. However,
the hub connectivity index does take into account potential connections
between two easyJet or Ryanair ights.
The above developments essentially reect an increasingly diversied market
where hub connectivity is no longer the preserve of the largest airports.
Accordingly, the hub connectivity share of the Majors (top 6 airports by hub
connectivity) has decreased since 2009 from 65.1% to 60.5%, while that of
secondary and niche & smaller hubs has increased from 30.5% to 34.9% .
3.
HUB DYNAMICS
 EUROPEAN
COMPETITION
40.6%
MAJORS
RANK CODE
1
FRA
2
AMS
3
CDG
4
IST
5
MUC
6
LHR
40.6%
SECONDARY HUBS
7 SVO
8
MAD
9
ZRH
10
VIE
11
FCO
12
HEL
67.6%
NICHE AND SMALLER HUBS
13 LIS
14
WAW
15
BRU
16
CPH
17
DUB
18
BCN
19
DME
20
OSL
21
SAW
22
ATH
23
DUS
24
ARN
25
KEF
26
PRG
27
STN
GRAPH 9: HUBS: MAJORS | SECONDARY | NICHE & SMALL | LCCS & SELFCONNECTORS RANKING IN 2019 & GROWTH BY GROUPS 2019 VS 2009
GROWTH RATE
2019 VS 2009
GROWTH RATE
2019 VS 2009
83.2%
GROWTH RATE
2019 VS 2009
LCC & SELFCONNECTORS
CODE
LGW
NCE
OPO
CRL
BGY
185.9%
*
*Hub connectivity of LCCs
and Self-Connectors is not fully
captured by the hub connectivity
index used in this report.
AIRPORT INDUSTRY CONNECTIVITY REPORT 2019 | 21
GRAPH 10: HUB CONNECTIVITY LEVELS AT THE TOP 27 HUBS IN EUROPE 2019 VS 2009
MAJORS
2009 RANK CODE
28.4% 1
FRA
72.7% 2
AMS
-7.7% 3 CDG
353.3% 4 IST
44.2% 5
MUC
13.8% 6
LHR
SECONDARY HUBS
446.3% 7 SVO
17.9% 8
MAD
44.8% 9
ZRH
27.4% 10
VIE
35.9% 11
FCO
140.0% 12 HEL
NICHE AND SMALLER HUBS
155.5% 13 LIS
336.1% 14 WAW
11.1% 15
BRU
-2.5% 16 CPH
408.8% 17 DUB
55.6% 18
BCN
304.3% 19 DME
45.9% 20
OSL
2333.9% 21 SAW
88.3% 22
ATH
23.0% 23
DUS
129.1% 24 ARN
923.8% 25 KEF
-47.7% 26 PRG
86.0% 27
STN
78,773
33,904
58,263
47,556
41,539
36,058
24,879
12,393
22,933
18,392
15,655
14,854
6,494
6,329
6,325
6,081
4,365
4,353
4,116
4,003
3,734
3,309
3,254
3,000
2,818
1,676
1,617
22 | AIRPORT INDUSTRY CONNECTIVITY REPORT 2019
AIR CONNECTIVITY &
AIRLINE BUSINESS MODELS
GRAPH 11: EUROPE DIRECT CONNECTIVITY GROWTH 2019 VS 2009  LCCs & FSOCs
151.6%
3.7%
LCCs
FSOCs
FSOCs GROWTH RATE
OVER 10 YEARS
LCCs GROWTH RATE
OVER 10 YEARS
111,384
106,648
108,958
110.260
108,915
115,570
115,340
112,524
112,164
115,612
114,586
23,671
37,938
34,585
46,496
41,678
59,577
57,738
52,019
32,427
29,000
26,411
Over the past 10 years, Europe’s direct connectivity gains (+29.7%) are almost entirely attributed to Low Cost Carriers (LCCs, +151.6%) as a result of their dynamic
expansion and the near stagnation (+3.7%) of Full Service & Other Carriers (FSOCs).
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
24 | AIRPORT INDUSTRY CONNECTIVITY REPORT 2019
GRAPH 12: EU DIRECT CONNECTIVITY GROWTH 2019 VS 2009  LCCs & FSOCs
135.6% -7%
LCCs
FSOCs
FSOCs GROWTH RATE
OVER 10 YEARS
LCCs GROWTH RATE
OVER 10 YEARS
89,129
78,797
81,380
80,943
79,957
82,932
83,483
82,178
85,930
90,621
91,285
21,694
32,000
29,115
39,503
35,285
51,108
48,208
44,820
27,485
25,236
23,022
Looking at the EU market alone, LCCs have increased their direct connectivity by +135.6%, while FSOCs have actually decreased theirs by -7%.
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
AIRPORT INDUSTRY CONNECTIVITY REPORT 2019 | 25
GRAPH 13: EU AIRPORTS  DIRECT CONNECTIVITY MARKET SHARE BY AIRLINE TYPES EU FSOCs, EU LCCs, OTHERS NONEU AIRLINES
71.5%
9.5%
19.0%
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
EU FSOCs
EU LCCs
NONEU (FSOCs & LCCs)
70.9%
9.2%
19.9%
69.9%
8.8%
21.3%
68.2%
8.5%
23.3%
67.3%
7.5%
25.2%
64.6%
7.8%
27.6%
62.9%
7.8%
29.3%
61.6%
7.3%
31.1%
58.9%
7.3%
33.8%
56.9%
7.5%
35.6%
54.7%
8.2%
37.0%
Delving deeper into the EU market and looking at the direct connectivity oered by EU and non-EU airlines, it is
interesting to note that the increased liberalisation of trac rights (pursued either bilaterally by EU States or through
EU-negotiated aviation agreements) has not signicantly altered market shares between EU and non-EU airlines over the
past 10 years. In fact, the combined market share of EU LCCs & FSOCs is now slightly higher than what it was back in 2009.
26 | AIRPORT INDUSTRY CONNECTIVITY REPORT 2019
GRAPH 14: MAJOR HUBS : DIRECT CONNECTIVITY MARKET SHARE BY AIRLINE TYPES BASED HUB CARRIER, LCCs & OTHERS
2009 2019
BASED HUB CARRIER
LCCs
OTHERS
62%
36%
63%
30%
7%
FRA
54%
33%
13%
54%
25%
21%
AMS
58%
34%
8%
52%
34%
14%
CDG
74%
26%
82%
16%
IST
59%
35%
6%
58%
28%
14%
MUC
41%
57%
51%
47%
LHR
2009 2019 2009 2019 2009 2019 2009 2019 2009 2019
2%
2%
2%
2%
The share of direct connectivity oered by LCCs at the Major hubs (Frankfurt, Amsterdam-Schiphol, Paris-CDG, Istanbul, Munich and
London-Heathrow) has increased from 5% to 10% over the past 10 years, reecting their move upmarket. Their highest penetration
has been achieved at Amsterdam-Schiphol (21%), Paris-CDG (14%) and Munich (14%). The increase in direct connectivity oered by
LCCs at Major hubs has generally not been achieved at the expense of the share of direct connectivity oered by their home
based hub carriers – the notable exception being Paris-CDG, where Air France’s share of direct connectivity decreased from 58% in
2009 to 52% in 2019. However, where LCCs have been unable to increase signicantly their share of direct connectivity (Istanbul and
London-Heathrow), home based hub carriers have seen their own share of direct connectivity increasing very signicantly.
AIRPORT INDUSTRY CONNECTIVITY REPORT 2019 | 27
GRAPH 15: EU AIRPORTS DIRECT CONNECTIVITY SHARE 2009/2019 LCCs & FSOCs
2009 2019
83.7%
16.3%
69.7%
30.3%
GROUP 1
>25 million pax
78.6%
21.4%
53.1%
46.9%
GROUP 2
10-25 million pax
2009 2019
75.0%
25.0%
50.6%
49.4%
GROUP 3
5-10 million pax
2009 2019
80.7%
19.3%
65.3%
34.7%
GROUP 4
0-5 million pax
2009 2019
LCCs
FSOCs
28 | AIRPORT INDUSTRY CONNECTIVITY REPORT 2019
GRAPH 16: EU COUNTRIES – DIRECT CONNECTIVITY: MARKET SHARE BY AIRLINE TYPES (BASED HUB CARRIERS, LCCs & OTHERS)
2009 2019
Country HB carrier
1
HB LCCs Others HB LCCs Others
Austria OS 50.6% 13.8% 35.6% 50.6% 25.8% 23.6%
Belgium SN 32.2% 14.1% 53.7% 32.3% 37.2% 30.5%
Bulgaria FB 32.1% 17.3% 50.6% 19.8% 36.2% 44.0%
Croatia OU 53.8% 20.5% 25.7% 30.6% 37.1% 32.3%
Cyprus CY* 37.2% 20.0% 42.8% 5.0% 46.8% 48.2%
Czech Republic OK 59.2% 14.2% 26.6% 39.3% 23.6% 37.1%
Denmark SK 40.3% 10.4% 49.3% 37.5% 29.4% 33.1%
Estonia OV/LO* 47.0% 3.5% 49.5% 20.5% 11.2% 68.3%
Finland AY 45.3% 2.1% 52.6% 71.0% 10.8% 18.2%
France AF 53.9% 11.6% 34.5% 29.3% 29.2% 41.5%
Germany LH 44.2% 12.9% 42.9% 34.2% 36.5% 29.3%
Greece OA/A3* 60.0% 11.7% 28.3% 30% 32.1% 37.9%
Hungary MA/LO* 53.1% 15.5% 31.4% 6.0% 55.9% 38.1%
Ireland EI 31.5% 43.1% 25.4% 38.6% 41.1% 20.3%
Italy AZ 19.0% 23.6% 57.4% 22.4% 45.7% 31.9%
Latvia BT 75.2% 12.1% 12.7% 69.9% 14.0% 16.1%
Lithuania BT 38.3% 12.7% 49.0% 15.1% 38.4% 46.5%
Luxembourg LG 75.9% - 24.1% 57.4% 13.8% 28.8%
Malta KM 64.3% 18.3% 17.4% 33.3% 47.8% 18.9%
Netherlands KL 50.5% 16.5% 33.0% 47.4% 29.2% 23.4%
Poland LO 46.7% 24.7% 28.6% 42.0% 34.0% 24.0%
Portugal TP 43.4% 23.9% 32.7% 35.1% 38.6% 26.3%
Romania RO 33.0% 22.0% 45.0% 27.7% 50.5% 21.8%
Slovakia QS&6D* - 70.9% 29.1% 33.9% 40.0% 26.1%
Slovenia JP 80.0% 2.4% 17.6% 66.4% 9.6% 24.0%
Spain IB 28.9% 29.3% 41.8% 15.5% 54.1% 30.4%
Sweden SK 28.7% 8.4% 62.9% 33.7% 22.5% 43.8%
United Kingdom BA 18.4% 28.9% 52.6% 18.9% 46.6% 34.5%
Total 36.0% 19.6% 44.4% 28.8% 40.5% 30.7%
*CY - Charlie Airlines, operating as
Cyprus Airways, founded in 2016.
*OV - Estonian Air was the ag carrier
in Estonia until 2015. Nordica (LO) was
established immediately after.
*Malév ceased operations in 2012.
*Slovakia did not have a FSC home
based carrier in 2009. By 2019,
SmartwingsSlovakia (QS&6D) has taken
the leading role.
1. IATA designator
HB = Based hub carrier
or home carrier
LCC = Low Cost Carrier
Others = Regional
carriers and others
AIRPORT INDUSTRY CONNECTIVITY REPORT 2019 | 29
GRAPH 17: NONEU COUNTRIES – DIRECT CONNECTIVITY: MARKET SHARE BY AIRLINE TYPES (BASED HUB CARRIERS, LCCs & OTHERS)
2009 2019
Country HB carrier
1
HB LCCs Others HB LCCs Others
Iceland FI 67.5% 2.1% 30.4% 71.7% 10.7% 17.6%
Norway SK 35.2% 15.8% 49.0% 30.5% 23.5% 46.0%
Switzerland LX 37.3% 12.9% 49.8% 34.8% 31.3% 33.9%
Russian Federation SU 19.7% 0.3% 80.0% 35.6% 6.8% 57.6%
Turkey TK 60.7% 6.2% 33.1% 55.2% 32.2% 12.6%
Ukraine PS 14.6% 0.8% 84.6% 51.5% 8.1% 40.4%
Belarus B2 65.4% - 34.6% 72.0% 0.2% 27.8%
Israel LY 32.7% 2.1% 65.3% 22.6% 16.6% 60.8%
Moldova 9U 47.9% - 52.1% 44.8% 21.2% 34.0%
Georgia A9 27.8% - 72.2% 18.4% 21.8% 59.8%
Bosnia & Herzegovina JA* 21.8% 6.3% 71.9% - 34.1% 65.9%
Serbia JU 51.1% 2.7% 46.2% 50.4% 13.8% 35.8%
Montenegro YM 58.1% - 41.9% 34.1% 17.1% 48.8%
Albania - - 8.8% 91.2% - 34.9% 65.1%
North Macedonia - - 1.0% 99.0% - 51.2% 48.8%
Kosovo - - - - - 50.7% 49.3%
Total 36.9% 8.3% 54.8% 43.4% 22.4% 34.2%
*B&H Airlines (JA) was the ag carrier of
Bosnia and Herzegovina until 2015.
*Albania, North Macedonia and Kosovo
do not have hub carrier.
1. IATA designator
HB = Based hub carrier
or home carrier
LCC = Low Cost Carrier
Others = Regional
carriers and others
30 | AIRPORT INDUSTRY CONNECTIVITY REPORT 2019
EUROPEAN & EU MARKETS
OVERVIEW
GRAPH 18: DIRECT, INDIRECT & AIRPORT CONNECTIVITY
2019 VS 2018
EUROPE EU NON-EU
GRAPH 19: DIRECT, INDIRECT & AIRPORT CONNECTIVITY
2019 VS 2009
EUROPE EU NON-EU
DIRECT CONNECTIVITY
INDIRECT CONNECTIVITY
AIRPORT CONNECTIVITY
1.0%
5.8%
3.9%
1.2%
3.6%
2.8%
1.2%
4.0%
3.1%
69.6%
80.8%
76.4%
20.9%
50.5%
40.0%
29.7%
55.5%
46.0%
DIRECT CONNECTIVITY
INDIRECT CONNECTIVITY
AIRPORT CONNECTIVITY
32 | AIRPORT INDUSTRY CONNECTIVITY REPORT 2019
GRAPH 20: DIRECT, INDIRECT & AIRPORT CONNECTIVITY FROM EUROPEAN AIRPORTS
BY WORLD REGION 2019 VS 2009
AFRICA ASIA-PACIFIC EUROPE
27.7%
46.9%
35.9%
59.8%
105.7%
103.3%
54.9%
50.1%
49.8%
LATIN AMERICA MIDDLE EAST NORTH AMERICA
24.8%
31.4%
29.8%
116.6%
102.6%
101.8%
25.7%
65.2%
62.7%
DIRECT CONNECTIVITY
INDIRECT CONNECTIVITY
AIRPORT CONNECTIVITY
AIRPORT INDUSTRY CONNECTIVITY REPORT 2019 | 33
GRAPH 21: DIRECT, INDIRECT AND AIRPORT CONNECTIVITY FROM EU AIRPORTS
BY WORLD REGION 2019 VS 2009
AFRICA ASIA-PACIFIC EUROPE
19.7%
43.2%
28.8%
30.6%
95.8%
93.3%
47.7%
39.4%
40.8%
DIRECT CONNECTIVITY
INDIRECT CONNECTIVITY
AIRPORT CONNECTIVITY
LATIN AMERICA MIDDLE EAST NORTH AMERICA
20.3%
28.3%
27.9%
63.2%
91.0%
87.2%
22.0%
60.9%
58.5%
34 | AIRPORT INDUSTRY CONNECTIVITY REPORT 2019
APPENDIXES
APPENDIX 1: CONNECTIVITY BY COUNTRY
CODE CONNECTIVITY TYPE GDP 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Country Direct Indirect Airport Hub (euros) Direct Indirect Airport Hub Direct Indirect Airport Hub Direct Indirect Airport Hub
Spain 20,393 33,058 53,451 27,994 1,208,248 2.7% 6.4% 5.0% 9.2% 31.8% 43.8% 39.0% 49.0% 19.0% 55.0% 39.0% 18.1%
Germany 19,164 54,687 73,851 121,141 3,386,000 0.0% 2.8% 2.1% 0.2% 12.8% 18.6% 17.0% 15.9% 8.1% 41.6% 31.1% 33.2%
United Kingdom 18,151 39,680 57,832 39,652 2,393,693 -0.8% 0.4% 0.0% 0.9% 9.6% 19.3% 16.1% 7.6% 11.0% 42.4% 30.7% 21.2%
France 14,604 31,531 46,135 49,972 2,348,991 0.7% 4.6% 3.3% -1.5% 9.0% 18.2% 15.1% -4.2% 8.9% 34.2% 25.0% -8.0%
Turkey 12,975 14,482 27,457 45,675 753,784 2.5% 13.7% 8.1% 18.1% 26.4% 21.0% 23.5% 34.6% 159.9% 144.5% 151.5% 386.1%
Italy 12,639 30,826 43,465 17,755 1,756,982 3.7% 5.2% 4.8% 8.5% 16.9% 30.1% 26.0% 21.3% 17.5% 50.3% 39.1% 42.6%
Russian Federation 10,230 12,974 23,204 30,043 1,397,200 7.7% 3.2% 5.2% 18.8% 48.7% 30.8% 38.2% 76.9% 103.8% 92.1% 97.1% 393.2%
Norway 7,007 8,350 15,357 4,395 368,389 -6.7% -0.4% -3.4% -3.1% -7.8% -5.5% -6.5% -2.3% 0.3% 30.9% 14.9% 45.2%
Greece 6,588 8,910 15,498 3,404 184,714 5.3% 8.1% 6.9% 3.1% 61.7% 71.5% 67.2% 65.4% 49.8% 83.8% 67.6% 89.6%
Netherlands 5,517 12,085 17,603 58,354 773,373 1.0% 4.7% 3.5% 0.9% 19.2% 18.1% 18.4% 18.0% 38.1% 35.1% 36.0% 73.0%
Switzerland 4,632 15,249 19,881 19,920 597,314 -0.6% 1.9% 1.3% 8.5% 5.2% 16.0% 13.3% 28.6% 21.0% 47.3% 40.2% 48.5%
Portugal 4,480 10,293 14,773 6,807 201,606 1.2% 2.2% 1.9% -1.5% 49.7% 68.4% 62.3% 52.0% 77.8% 125.9% 108.8% 156.3%
Sweden 4,206 9,267 13,473 3,458 467,012 -7.5% 0.7% -2.0% -13.8% 2.4% 23.9% 16.3% 13.3% 38.1% 56.1% 50.0% 130.3%
Poland 3,238 7,542 10,780 6,426 496,461.8 3.9% 5.3% 4.9% 19.7% 66.5% 47.0% 52.4% 177.0% 74.2% 84.5% 81.3% 337.1%
Austria 3,178 9,074 12,252 15,698 386,094 10.7% 4.7% 6.2% 2.9% 10.2% 22.7% 19.2% 20.1% 4.5% 45.4% 32.0% 27.5%
Denmark 2,983 7,728 10,711 6,103 297,634 -1.8% -0.1% -0.6% 7.6% 9.4% 16.2% 14.2% -2.1% 18.0% 50.2% 39.6% -2.6%
Ireland 2,832 7,579 10,411 4,416 318,460 0.3% 4.3% 3.2% 4.4% 27.8% 36.0% 33.7% 121.0% 35.2% 75.9% 62.5% 400.7%
Belgium 2,785 6,495 9,280 6,399 450,506 -0.8% 2.7% 1.6% -8.9% 5.5% 11.5% 9.7% -1.0% 19.7% 26.0% 24.0% 12.0%
Finland 2,457 6,383 8,840 12,397 233,555 -1.2% 3.2% 1.9% 7.0% 14.3% 22.9% 20.4% 62.2% 20.3% 46.4% 38.1% 140.0%
Romania 1,688 3,255 4,944 354 202,884 -2.1% -5.8% -4.5% 3.3% 75.5% 10.6% 26.6% 31.4% 41.8% 23.1% 28.9% 0.4%
36 | AIRPORT INDUSTRY CONNECTIVITY REPORT 2019
CODE CONNECTIVITY TYPE GDP 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Country Direct Indirect Airport Hub (euros) Direct Indirect Airport Hub Direct Indirect Airport Hub Direct Indirect Airport Hub
Czech Republic 1,575 4,333 5,909 1,678 206,823 -4.5% 5.8% 2.8% -17.1% 25.0% 41.2% 36.5% 8.8% 4.6% 57.8% 39.0% -47.6%
Israel 1,519 5,311 6,830 190 312,710 1.4% 6.0% 5.0% 19.3% 35.3% 44.9% 42.7% 109.9% 107.8% 63.8% 71.9% 187.1%
Croatia 1,401 3,915 5,316 114 51,468 7.3% 9.5% 8.9% -8.6% 61.1% 82.2% 76.1% 1931.8% 104.9% 151.9% 137.5% 1518.6%
Ukraine 1,095 2,346 3,441 1,088 99,278 16.4% 14.5% 15.1% -9.0% 19.4% 5.3% 9.4% -16.9% 30.9% 28.7% 29.4% 354.2%
Hungary 1,083 3,302 4,385 223 131,935 4.3% 5.3% 5.0% 13.5% 47.6% 38.3% 40.5% 208.6% 4.7% 37.4% 27.6% -80.6%
Bulgaria 979 2,067 3,045 48 55,182 -0.3% 11.4% 7.4% -2.0% 76.3% 46.2% 54.7% 28.7% 84.7% 57.5% 65.4% 32.8%
Latvia 845 1,447 2,292 907 29,524 5.8% 8.1% 7.3% 28.7% 40.7% 60.8% 52.8% 196.0% 47.1% 136.9% 93.4% 160.1%
Cyprus 827 1,407 2,234 33 20,731 -4.6% -2.5% -3.3% -40.5% 70.2% 86.7% 80.2% 15.0% 64.6% 104.4% 87.6% -65.8%
Serbia 632 1,758 2,390 263 42,780 9.0% 9.0% 9.0% 4.9% 13.9% 31.9% 26.6% -4.0% 74.1% 79.0% 77.7% 611.0%
Luxembourg 560 1,945 2,505 82 58,869.2 0.1% -1.3% -1.0% 2.8% 30.9% 33.0% 32.6% 41.4% 46.0% 75.6% 68.0% 158.2%
Malta 557 1,628 2,185 79 12,320 5.5% 7.5% 7.0% 6.4% 55.7% 124.4% 101.7% 89.7% 97.4% 266.1% 200.6% 130.8%
Iceland 552 1,336 1,888 2,818 21,918 -24.2% -4.3% -11.1% -38.9% 48.4% 361.7% 185.4% 100.5% 187.8% 2268.1% 660.3% 923.8%
Lithuania 511 1,149 1,660 11 45,114 -2.8% 2.4% 0.8% 67.6% 34.2% 100.5% 74.1% -10.7% 118.6% 157.0% 143.8% 13218.8%
Belarus 505 1,049 1,554 40 48,204 9.8% 9.9% 9.9% 72.0% 71.0% 86.9% 81.4% 132.7% 251.9% 236.8% 241.6% 4164.3%
Georgia 502 1,203 1,705 17 13,350 5.1% 21.9% 16.5% 49.2% 126.5% 104.2% 110.3% 763.6% 281.3% 361.7% 334.7% 196.6%
Estonia 383 1,368 1,751 6 25,657 -5.3% -4.1% -4.3% -70.6% 35.3% 28.9% 30.3% -27.6% 69.6% 195.6% 154.3% 28.1%
Montenegro 295 648 943 10 4,288 5.2% -0.6% 1.2% 177.3% 73.3% 125.4% 106.0% 152.3% 96.0% 734.4% 313.1% 161.8%
Moldova 281 589 869 62 7,195 -1.0% 8.7% 5.4% -2.2% 68.9% 58.2% 61.5% 335.1% 149.2% 251.3% 210.3% 785.3%
Albania 255 743 998 1 12,746 18.3% 23.0% 21.8% 909.2% -2.3% 52.3% 33.3% -26.1% 41.4% 126.3% 96.2% -55.1%
Slovenia 248 1,136 1,383 167 45,948 -9.7% 3.2% 0.6% -46.3% 23.7% 54.2% 47.7% 69.4% -15.4% 32.7% 20.4% -4.6%
North Macedonia 186 401 587 0 10,735 6.4% 1.3% 2.9% -- 49.8% 47.8% 48.4% -- 97.3% 137.4% 123.0% 417.3%
Slovak Republic 168 41 209 9 90,202 -7.3% -26.3% -11.7% -15.1% 95.2% 65.3% 88.5% 1774.1% 17.5% -39.4% -0.7% -9.8%
Bosnia & Herzegovina 115 618
732 1 16,759 15.2% 18.7% 18.2% -80.7% 12.5% 60.0% 50.1% -19.4% 22.9% 140.7% 109.3% --
AIRPORT INDUSTRY CONNECTIVITY REPORT 2019 | 37
1.1 AIRPORTS WITHIN EUROPE
APPENDIX 2: GLOSSARY OF AIRPORT CODES
CODE AIRPORT NAME COUNTRY
AMS Amsterdam Schiphol Netherlands
ARN Stockholm Sweden
ATH Athens Greece
BCN Barcelona Spain
BGY Milan Bergamo Italy
BRU Brussels Belgium
CDG Paris-Charles de Gaulle France
CPH Copenhagen Denmark
CRL Charleroi Belgium
DME Moscow Domodedovo Russian Federation
DUB Dublin Ireland
DUS Düsseldorf Germany
FCO Rome Fiumicino Italy
FRA Frankfurt Germany
HEL Helsinki Finland
IST Istanbul Turkey
KEF Keflavik Iceland
LGW London Gatwick United Kingdom
LHR London Heathrow United Kingdom
LIS Lisbon Portugal
MAD Madrid Spain
MAN Manchester United Kingdom
MUC Munich Germany
MXP Milan Malpensa Italy
NCE Nice France
OPO Porto Portugal
ORY Paris Orly France
OSL Oslo Norway
PMI Palma De Mallorca Spain
PRG Prague Czech Republic
SAW Istanbul Sabiha Gokcen Turkey
STN London Stansted United Kingdom
SVO Moscow Sheremetyevo Russian Federation
VIE Vienna Austria
WAW Warsaw Poland
ZRH Zurich Switzerland
38 | AIRPORT INDUSTRY CONNECTIVITY REPORT 2019
1.2 AIRPORTS BEYOND EUROPE
APPENDIX 2: GLOSSARY OF AIRPORT CODES
CODE AIRPORT NAME COUNTRY
ADD Addis Ababa Bole Ethiopia
AMM Amman Queen Alia Jordan
ATL Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta United States
BOM Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj India
CAN Guangzhou Baiyun China
CLT Charlotte Douglas United States
CMN Casablanca Mohammed V Morocco
CTU Chengdu Shuangliu China
DEL New Delhi Indira Gandhi India
DEN Denver United States
DFW Dallas-Fort Worth United States
DOH Doha Hamad Qatar
DXB Dubai United Arab Emirates
EWR Newark Liberty United States
IAH Houston George Bush United States
KMG Kunming Wujiaba China
MCT Muscat Oman
NBO Nairobi Jomo Kenyatta Kenya
ORD Chicago-O'Hare United States
PTY Panama Tocumen Panama
PVG Shanghai Pudong China
SZX Shenzhen Bao'an China
YYZ Toronto-Pearson Canada
AIRPORT INDUSTRY CONNECTIVITY REPORT 2019 | 39
APPENDIX 3: LIST OF SELECTED LOW COST CARRIERS (LCCs)
CODE AIRLINE NAME
G9 Air Arabia
3O Air Arabia Maroc
ZM Air Manas
2B Albawings
AD Azul Airlines
OB Blue Air
BV Blue Panorama Airlines
SS Corsair
U2 Easyjet
WK Edelweiss Air
EW Eurowings
5F Fly One
FZ Flydubai
XY Flynas - National Air Services
BF French Bee
4U germanwings
LS Jet2.com
OE Laudamotion
VK/IB/LV Level
ZB Monarch Airlines
D8 Norwegian
DY Norwegian Air Shuttle
8K Onur Air Tasimacilik A.S.
PC Pegasus Airlines
DP Pobeda
PF Primera Air
FR Ryanair
TR Scoot
NE SkyEurope
NB Sterling Airlines
SQ SunExpress
XG SunExpress Deutschland GmbH
MT Thomas Cook Airlines
HQ Thomas Cook Airlines Belgium N.V
DK Thomas Cook Scandinavia
BY TUI Airways
HV Transavia.com
TO Transavia.com France
TB TUI fly Belgium
OR TUI fly Netherlands
X3 TUIfly
6B TUIfly Nordic AB
V7 Volotea
VY Vueling Airlines
WS Westjet
W6 Wizz Air
WW WOW Air
SE XL Airways France
40 | AIRPORT INDUSTRY CONNECTIVITY REPORT 2019
APPENDIX 4: LIST OF SELECTED BASED HUB CARRIERS
CODE AIRLINE NAME
JP Adria Airways
A3 Aegean Airlines
EI Aer Lingus
SU Aeroflot
BT Air Baltic
AF Air France
KM Air Malta
9U Air Moldova
JU Air Serbia
AZ Alitalia
OS Austrian Airlines
JA B&H Airlines
B2 Belavia - Belarusian Airlines
BA British Airways
SN Brussels Airlines
FB Bulgaria Air
CY Charlie Airlines/Cyprus Airways
OU Croatia Airlines
OK Czech Airlines
LY El Al Israel Airlines
OV Estonian Air
AY Finnair
A9 Georgian Airways
IB Iberia
FI Icelandair
KL KLM
LO LOT Polish Airlines
LH Lufthansa
LG Luxair
MA MALÉV
YM Montenegro Airlines
OA Olympic Air
SK Scandinavian Airlines System
QS Smartwings
LX SWISS
TP TAP Portugal
RO TAROM
6D Travel Service
TK Turkish Airlines
PS Ukraine International Airlines
AIRPORT INDUSTRY CONNECTIVITY REPORT 2019 | 41
APPENDIX 5: CONNECTIVITY BY INDIVIDUAL AIRPORTS
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport
FRA Frankfurt 5,098 14,145 19,243 0.0% 1.5% 1.1% 10.1% 3.0% 4.8% 13.3% 25.6% 22.1%
AMS Amsterdam 4,870 11,962 16,832 0.2% 5.1% 3.7% 16.8% 19.6% 18.8% 30.3% 33.9% 32.8%
CDG Paris Charles de Gaulle 4,760 15,710 20,469 3.2% 4.4% 4.1% 6.4% 16.2% 13.8% -0.3% 39.7% 27.7%
LHR London Heathrow 4,682 21,244 25,925 0.3% 2.7% 2.3% -0.7% 21.0% 16.4% 0.8% 49.8% 37.7%
IST Istanbul 4,474 5,755 10,229 3.6% 11.3% 7.8% 12.6% 6.7% 9.2% 89.6% 70.4% 78.3%
MUC Munich 4,051 10,735 14,786 -1.6% 12.8% 8.4% 15.1% 24.7% 21.9% 7.3% 69.3% 46.2%
MAD Madrid-Barajas 3,977 8,999 12,976 4.2% 6.2% 5.6% 24.5% 24.2% 24.3% -4.9% 50.6% 27.7%
SVO Sheremetyevo International Airport 3,740 3,318 7,058 17.1% -1.6% 7.5% 61.5% 36.0% 48.4% 178.2% 74.0% 117.1%
BCN Barcelona-El Prat 3,453 7,768 11,221 1.9% 5.5% 4.4% 21.2% 35.5% 30.7% 24.5% 52.8% 42.8%
FCO Rome Fiumicino 3,289 8,288 11,577 2.6% 2.3% 2.4% 1.0% 25.0% 17.1% 4.6% 43.1% 29.5%
LGW London Gatwick 2,961 1,721 4,683 0.4% -1.1% -0.1% 10.1% 60.7% 24.5% 23.6% 37.1% 28.2%
VIE Vienna 2,754 6,233 8,987 13.8% 7.8% 9.6% 16.4% 36.9% 29.9% 15.2% 70.2% 48.5%
CPH Copenhagen 2,630 6,179 8,809 -2.3% -1.0% -1.4% 8.4% 12.0% 10.9% 16.2% 40.7% 32.4%
PMI Palma de Mallorca 2,624 2,058 4,682 3.9% 12.2% 7.4% 33.6% 94.7% 55.0% 45.5% 218.1% 91.1%
ZRH Zürich 2,528 8,030 10,557 0.3% 0.8% 0.7% 9.3% 14.3% 13.1% 16.2% 47.1% 38.3%
OSL Oslo 2,494 3,938 6,432 -2.8% -1.6% -2.1% 4.8% 4.7% 4.7% 23.1% 29.1% 26.7%
ORY Paris-Orly 2,406 1,131 3,537 -1.8% 7.8% 1.1% 1.1% 4.5% 2.2% 10.8% 80.6% 26.4%
ARN Stockholm-Arlanda 2,402 5,792 8,194 -5.2% 1.1% -0.8% 2.5% 22.8% 16.0% 45.2% 43.0% 43.6%
ATH Athens 2,377 4,770 7,147 7.7% 11.7% 10.3% 63.6% 55.8% 58.4% 18.4% 52.3% 39.1%
DUB Dublin 2,353 6,393 8,746 0.9% 5.8% 4.4% 37.5% 42.5% 41.1% 50.8% 95.8% 81.3%
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport
SAW Sabiha Gökçen International 2,285 857 3,142 8.0% 21.3% 11.3% 37.9% 340.7% 69.7% 523.7% 2296.1% 681.3%
DUS Düsseldorf 2,190 6,151 8,340 5.3% 2.0% 2.8% 10.1% 22.9% 19.2% 3.9% 44.5% 31.0%
LIS Lisbon 2,185 6,442 8,628 -0.8% 1.4% 0.8% 44.3% 51.3% 49.4% 80.2% 103.7% 97.2%
BRU Brussels 2,155 6,395 8,551 -1.3% 2.6% 1.6% 0.0% 11.3% 8.2% 8.1% 24.7% 20.0%
MAN Manchester 2,146 5,185 7,331 0.8% -0.2% 0.1% 23.2% 12.6% 15.5% 41.8% 35.4% 37.2%
DME Moscow Domodedovo 2,056 2,106 4,163 -6.0% -1.1% -3.6% 1.7% -12.0% -5.7% 28.1% 3.3% 14.2%
MXP Milan Malpensa 2,008 5,698 7,705 8.4% 2.4% 3.9% 33.2% 42.5% 40.0% 19.0% 35.7% 30.9%
TXL Berlin Tegel 1,943 6,041 7,984 12.3% 1.6% 4.0% 8.2% 38.5% 29.6% 30.2% 66.1% 55.7%
HEL Helsinki 1,894 3,778 5,672 0.0% 3.5% 2.3% 21.7% 22.9% 22.5% 30.6% 35.3% 33.7%
STN London Stansted 1,846 394 2,239 -0.6% 7.2% 0.7% 31.2% 81.4% 37.9% 24.4% 100.3% 33.2%
WAW Warsaw 1,744 4,056 5,800 3.7% 8.1% 6.7% 51.5% 30.3% 36.0% 59.3% 64.8% 63.1%
AYT Fraport TAV Antalya 1,722 1,083 2,805 22.7% 37.0% 27.8% 91.5% 30.8% 62.4% 257.6% 271.8% 262.9%
NCE Nice Côte d’Azur 1,604 3,426 5,030 3.3% 5.6% 4.9% 6.8% 19.2% 15.0% 10.2% 36.5% 26.9%
LED St-Petersburg 1,583 3,256 4,839 4.1% 6.2% 5.5% 32.7% 62.2% 51.2% 91.4% 119.8% 109.6%
AGP Malaga-Costa del Sol 1,520 2,555 4,075 6.4% 13.3% 10.6% 40.7% 62.8% 53.8% 53.9% 99.0% 79.4%
PRG Prague 1,469 4,322 5,791 -3.3% 7.7% 4.7% 26.1% 44.2% 39.1% 4.2% 68.8% 45.9%
VKO Vnukovo International Airport 1,438 286 1,724 0.5% -18.7% -3.3% -- -- -- -- -- --
TLV Tel Aviv Ben Gurion 1,433 5,311 6,745 10.4% 6.0% 6.9% 58.8% 45.0% 47.7% 122.1% 63.9% 73.6%
GVA Genève 1,404 5,255 6,659 -0.1% 2.1% 1.6% 0.3% 16.0% 12.3% 23.6% 44.8% 39.7%
HAM Hamburg 1,400 5,548 6,949 -5.6% -3.7% -4.1% 1.7% 33.7% 25.7% 0.6% 49.4% 36.1%
EDI Edinburgh 1,296 3,228 4,523 2.6% 5.3% 4.5% 30.2% 21.9% 24.2% 23.7% 56.4% 45.4%
STR Stuttgart 1,258 3,203 4,461 6.3% 3.0% 3.9% 29.5% 18.6% 21.5% 6.7% 20.4% 16.2%
LTN London Luton 1,159 73 1,232 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport
LYS Lyon-Saint Exupéry 1,148 2,486 3,634 1.0% 6.2% 4.5% 14.2% 7.4% 9.5% -3.0% 11.2% 6.3%
OTP Bucharest Otopeni 1,112 2,436 3,549 -0.5% -5.8% -4.2% 56.2% 2.8% 15.1% 66.5% 17.6% 29.6%
BHX Birmingham 1,108 2,624 3,732 -0.8% -3.5% -2.7% 12.6% 11.4% 11.7% 15.7% 21.1% 19.5%
ALC Alicante-Elche 1,089 964 2,053 6.1% 9.8% 7.8% 47.5% 86.5% 63.5% 42.2% 78.0% 57.0%
BUD Budapest 1,083 3,302 4,385 4.3% 5.3% 5.0% 47.6% 38.3% 40.5% 4.7% 37.4% 27.6%
CGN Köln-Bonn 1,019 1,570 2,589 -2.5% 3.0% 0.7% 21.7% 21.8% 21.7% 2.4% 74.4% 36.6%
LIN Milan Linate 996 2,307 3,303 4.1% 1.6% 2.4% 8.3% -3.7% -0.4% 19.7% 25.1% 23.4%
LPA Gran Canaria 974 796 1,770 -6.1% -4.7% -5.4% 44.5% 62.6% 52.1% 28.8% 40.9% 33.9%
ESB Ankara Esenboga 946 1,160 2,106 -18.4% 2.1% -8.2% 6.9% 10.3% 8.7% 102.7% 84.8% 92.4%
OPO Porto 939 2,319 3,257 2.8% 3.3% 3.1% 63.2% 127.8% 104.4% 118.7% 185.2% 162.2%
VCE Venice 938 3,811 4,749 -2.3% -1.1% -1.3% 17.6% 31.5% 28.5% 28.1% 69.8% 59.5%
MRS Marseille Provence 932 2,150 3,081 2.3% 3.3% 3.0% 10.9% 14.7% 13.5% 11.2% 45.6% 33.2%
KBP Kiev 880 1,701 2,581 17.7% 11.9% 13.8% 13.3% -0.8% 3.6% 26.8% 8.9% 14.4%
IBZ Ibiza 872 763 1,634 -0.2% 19.1% 7.9% 33.9% 110.6% 61.3% 61.5% 273.5% 119.7%
GLA Glasgow 858 1,566 2,424 -7.4% -11.6% -10.2% 11.7% 6.7% 8.4% 14.3% 26.9% 22.1%
NAP Naples 857 1,653 2,510 5.7% 29.8% 20.4% 61.2% 114.8% 92.9% 44.9% 270.2% 141.8%
RIX Riga 845 1,447 2,292 5.8% 8.1% 7.3% 40.7% 60.8% 52.8% 47.1% 136.9% 93.4%
TLS Toulouse-Blagnac 841 -- 841 -9.2% -- -- 7.8% -- -- 15.3% -- --
LCY London City 821 1,208 2,029 1.4% 9.3% 6.0% 26.0% 42.6% 35.4% 25.2% 13.4% 17.9%
BGY Bergamo 820 99 919 3.0% -25.2% -1.1% 38.5% -28.5% 25.8% 61.8% -24.6% 44.0%
CTA Catania 809 1,164 1,973 5.4% 5.7% 5.6% -- -- -- -- -- --
BGO Bergen 762 1,033 1,795 -1.8% 4.3% 1.7% -3.6% -5.3% -4.6% 4.0% 32.9% 18.9%
ADB Izmir Adnan Menderes 761 1,045 1,806 -1.3% 29.2% 14.3% 27.7% 16.1% 20.7% 116.0% 157.8% 138.3%
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport
FAO Faro 732 789 1,521 2.5% -0.8% 0.7% 39.7% 65.3% 51.9% 75.1% 205.0% 124.8%
SXF Berlin Schönefeld 721 466 1,187 -17.0% -5.3% -12.8% 37.2% 50.0% 42.0% 34.0% 204.9% 71.9%
BLQ Bologna 717 2,479 3,196 7.4% 12.2% 11.1% 26.0% 25.0% 25.2% 36.8% 59.9% 54.1%
BOD Bordeaux 713 1,271 1,984 5.4% 5.5% 5.4% 34.9% 80.2% 60.8% 59.8% 57.0% 58.0%
NTE Nantes 703 1,023 1,727 7.1% 21.5% 15.2% 50.6% 71.9% 62.5% 114.2% 77.0% 90.5%
BSL Basel-Mulhouse 697 1,964 2,662 5.0% 6.0% 5.7% 15.3% 23.8% 21.5% 43.3% 67.3% 60.3%
BRS Bristol 685 533 1,218 -8.1% -41.4% -26.4% 19.0% 6.9% 13.4% 30.4% -18.1% 3.6%
HER Heraklion 676 697 1,373 -3.3% 3.9% 0.2% 52.2% 128.9% 83.4% 97.3% 322.4% 170.4%
VLC Valencia 657 1,719 2,377 7.3% 7.4% 7.4% 55.1% 69.4% 65.2% 7.5% 79.3% 51.4%
TFN Tenerife Norte 657 542 1,199 2.5% 2.6% 2.5% 58.2% 62.3% 60.0% 12.8% 54.7% 28.6%
GOT Göteborg Landvetter 655 2,561 3,216 -6.8% 4.8% 2.2% 16.9% 23.6% 22.2% 33.5% 60.9% 54.5%
BEG Belgrade 632 1,758 2,390 9.0% 9.0% 9.0% 13.9% 31.9% 26.6% 74.1% 79.0% 77.7%
LCA Larnaka 621 1,302 1,923 -7.8% -2.4% -4.2% 81.1% 86.0% 84.4% 54.9% 106.4% 86.4%
AER Sochi 599 540 1,139 15.0% 12.0% 13.5% -- -- -- -- -- --
TRD Trondheim 591 705 1,296 -4.9% -0.8% -2.7% -9.9% -7.1% -8.4% -5.4% 47.9% 17.7%
SKG Thessaloniki 590 913 1,502 -1.0% 17.1% 9.3% 37.3% 74.0% 57.5% 19.2% 61.2% 41.6%
HAJ Hannover 587 2,396 2,983 -0.6% -8.2% -6.8% 20.5% 11.0% 12.8% -4.0% 16.4% 11.7%
KRK Krakow 585 1,526 2,111 16.5% 2.1% 5.7% 83.5% 75.5% 77.6% 104.0% 107.9% 106.8%
PMO Palermo 570 721 1,290 3.3% 7.3% 5.5% 30.1% 45.8% 38.4% 15.6% 117.0% 56.5%
LUX Luxembourg 560 1,945 2,505 0.1% -1.3% -1.0% 30.9% 33.0% 32.6% 46.0% 75.6% 68.0%
MLA Malta 557 1,628 2,185 5.5% 7.5% 7.0% 55.7% 124.4% 101.7% 97.4% 266.1% 200.6%
KEF Keflavik 552 1,336 1,888 -24.2% -4.3% -11.1% 48.4% 361.7% 185.4% 187.8% 2268.1% 660.3%
SVQ Sevilla 532 852 1,385 20.4% 29.2% 25.7% 66.6% 106.1% 88.9% 37.7% 128.6% 82.3%
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport
TFS Tenerife Sur 532 498 1,030 9.6% 36.9% 21.3% 35.1% 132.5% 69.4% 112.2% 130.2% 120.5%
CRL Charleroi 530 96 626 4.6% 10.9% 5.5% 27.4% 29.3% 27.7% 104.3% 735.2% 131.0%
BIO Bilbao 527 1,869 2,396 6.5% -3.4% -1.4% 31.6% 19.4% 21.8% 17.8% 36.0% 31.5%
SOF Sofia 525 1,764 2,289 -0.8% 9.8% 7.1% 41.1% 44.2% 43.4% 41.0% 51.2% 48.7%
ACE Lanzarote 510 287 796 -2.8% 13.6% 2.5% 37.9% 188.7% 69.8% 74.4% 132.3% 91.6%
MSQ Minsk 505 1,049 1,554 9.8% 9.9% 9.9% 71.0% 86.9% 81.4% 251.9% 236.8% 241.6%
BMA Stockholm-Bromma 490 211 701 -6.3% -2.0% -5.0% 7.9% 108.7% 26.2% 36.9% 254.5% 67.9%
RHO Rhodes 474 396 870 4.3% 21.5% 11.5% 43.9% 75.1% 56.7% 63.1% 180.6% 101.5%
SVG Stavanger 466 844 1,310 -7.1% 2.1% -1.4% -26.6% -39.7% -35.6% -17.2% -9.3% -12.3%
NCL Newcastle 454 1,023 1,477 -9.1% -8.9% -9.0% -- -- -- -- -- --
TOS Tromsø 452 292 744 -11.3% -1.2% -7.6% -2.2% 10.7% 2.5% 9.6% 74.9% 28.5%
ZAG Zagreb 429 2,166 2,595 0.4% 5.7% 4.8% 26.0% 60.0% 53.2% 30.1% 85.6% 73.4%
EIN Eindhoven 419 62 481 10.9% 49.6% 14.7% 57.8% 101.5% 62.3% 257.6% 1318.5% 295.6%
CAG Cagliari 416 612 1,028 20.5% 18.2% 19.1% 25.0% 95.9% 59.3% 13.6% 719.9% 133.1%
BOO Bodø 412 163 575 -10.7% -10.9% -10.8% -9.2% 19.3% -2.6% -16.0% 36.0% -5.8%
ABZ Aberdeen 409 1,178 1,587 -7.6% 1.8% -0.8% -29.9% -27.0% -27.8% -26.7% 10.1% -2.5%
BRI Bari 407 593 1,000 9.2% -0.9% 3.0% -- -- -- -- -- --
EMA East Midlands 405 17 423 -5.6% -64.2% -11.6% -9.5% 15.9% -8.7% 6.2% -75.7% -6.8%
MAH Menorca 402 270 672 7.7% -2.8% 3.2% 77.1% 191.3% 110.2% 42.7% 87.4% 57.8%
NUE Nürnberg 401 1,791 2,193 -10.3% 2.5% -0.1% 8.5% 4.9% 5.5% -12.7% 17.8% 10.7%
VNO Vilnius 400 1,044 1,444 -3.2% 4.0% 1.9% 29.7% 107.6% 78.0% 138.6% 172.8% 162.3%
TLL Tallinn 383 1,368 1,751 -5.3% -4.1% -4.3% 35.3% 28.9% 30.3% 69.6% 195.6% 154.3%
FUE Fuerteventura 379 204 583 -12.1% 11.9% -5.0% 41.0% 111.7% 59.6% 47.7% 75.5% 56.4%
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport
SPU Split 376 642 1,018 9.5% 10.6% 10.2% 88.6% 99.1% 95.1% 179.2% 246.9% 218.4%
OLB Olbia 371 527 897 12.0% 53.9% 33.3% 35.0% 569.9% 154.1% 59.3% 1680.0% 242.3%
BJV Mugla Milas - Bodrum 365 433 798 16.2% 55.8% 34.8% 53.3% 58.0% 55.8% 138.0% 253.1% 189.1%
VRN Verona 358 741 1,098 6.2% 6.0% 6.1% 32.8% 3.9% 11.9% 28.6% -9.3% 0.3%
BLL Billund 354 1,549 1,903 1.9% 3.7% 3.4% 17.1% 36.6% 32.5% 33.0% 105.1% 86.3%
TBS Tbilisi 346 1,096 1,442 -0.4% 24.0% 17.1% 105.7% 109.3% 108.4% 188.3% 346.1% 294.3%
CFU Corfu 342 229 571 -3.7% 2.1% -1.4% 62.1% 121.1% 81.6% 138.6% 307.0% 186.2%
TRN Turin 332 1,346 1,677 -14.0% -4.7% -6.7% -2.1% -1.1% -1.3% -24.9% 9.6% 0.5%
DBV Dubrovnik 329 845 1,174 6.1% 16.7% 13.5% 85.4% 138.5% 120.8% 169.9% 344.1% 276.0%
MCM Monaco (Heliport) 326 -- 326 0.0% -- -- -2.4% -- -- -14.0% -- --
CIA Rome Ciampino 319 64 383 -1.5% -4.6% -2.1% 12.8% 50.2% 17.6% 0.2% 30.5% 4.2%
FLR Florence 318 1,938 2,256 0.0% 4.4% 3.7% -0.1% 22.5% 18.7% 26.8% 42.0% 39.6%
SOU Southampton 315 246 561 -13.9% -44.3% -30.5% -18.2% 44.2% 0.9% -32.4% 3341.2% 18.5%
JTR Santorini 308 304 612 12.8% 0.0% 6.1% 168.6% 74.2% 111.7% 239.1% 222.4% 230.6%
ADA Adana 306 395 702 -9.2% -2.6% -5.6% 10.8% 10.7% 10.7% 149.8% 167.3% 159.4%
BOJ Bourgas 288 125 413 10.8% 10.5% 10.7% 179.1% 69.0% 133.1% 291.0% 358.0% 309.1%
KZN Kazan 282 379 661 8.0% 1.1% 4.0% 186.7% 77.7% 112.1% 221.3% 575.3% 359.4%
KIV Chisinau 281 589 869 -1.0% 8.7% 5.4% 68.9% 58.2% 61.5% 149.2% 251.3% 210.3%
JER Channel Islands 276 87 363 5.9% -8.2% 2.2% -16.5% 41.6% -7.4% -39.9% 131.8% -26.9%
TZX Trabzon 269 383 651 -5.3% 17.7% 7.0% 59.6% 88.4% 75.3% 269.9% 328.6% 302.3%
WRO Wroclaw 264 815 1,079 0.7% 5.8% 4.5% 54.6% 124.7% 102.2% 71.0% 204.4% 155.5%
PDL Ponta Delgada 263 179 442 3.8% 3.8% 3.8% 96.2% 191.7% 126.2% 90.9% 157.2% 113.2%
KGS Kos 260 199 459 5.0% 13.8% 8.7% 53.7% 98.7% 70.4% 150.9% 134.1% 143.3%
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport
TIA Tirana 255 743 998 18.3% 23.0% 21.8% -2.3% 52.3% 33.3% 41.4% 126.3% 96.2%
LJU Ljubljana 248 1,136 1,383 -9.7% 3.2% 0.6% 23.7% 54.2% 47.7% -15.4% 32.7% 20.4%
ORK Cork 240 549 789 5.1% 3.5% 4.0% 12.4% 32.0% 25.4% 1.3% 43.7% 27.4%
CHQ Chania 235 255 489 2.3% 4.2% 3.3% 70.1% 138.0% 99.8% 102.5% 120.0% 111.2%
LIL Lille-Lesquin 231 45 276 -0.1% -10.4% -2.0% 10.9% 17.5% 11.9% 45.9% -21.3% 28.0%
FNC Madeira 230 499 730 1.9% 14.8% 10.4% 35.0% 90.0% 68.4% 17.8% 127.1% 75.6%
JMK Mykonos 222 325 547 11.6% 4.6% 7.3% 121.2% 144.5% 134.5% 168.6% 429.0% 279.6%
BRE Bremen 219 1,645 1,865 -15.1% 7.7% 4.4% -19.1% 24.3% 16.9% -21.6% 40.0% 28.1%
CLJ Cluj Avram Iancu 214 274 488 -4.2% -11.3% -8.3% 305.3% 125.4% 179.7% 90.2% 134.4% 112.7%
TRF Sandefjord 212 244 456 -6.2% 12.4% 2.9% -- -- -- -- -- --
PFO Pafos 206 105 311 6.2% -4.3% 2.4% 44.0% 95.9% 58.2% 102.9% 82.1% 95.3%
MMX Malmö 204 91 295 -19.3% -37.9% -26.1% -3.1% -3.9% -3.4% 55.9% 180.4% 80.6%
BDS Brindisi 199 371 570 8.8% 7.9% 8.2% -- -- -- -- -- --
RTM Rotterdam 198 60 258 8.4% 33.5% 13.4% 8.2% -71.0% -33.8% 53.6% 2661.1% 96.8%
SCQ Santiago 195 397 592 0.6% 6.3% 4.4% 14.4% 64.2% 43.6% 28.3% 69.7% 53.4%
SPC La Palma 191 64 255 -2.7% -24.9% -9.4% 89.0% 71.4% 84.3% 29.7% 66.2% 37.3%
TSF Treviso 189 12 202 -5.3% -41.5% -8.7% 32.1% -2.1% 29.4% 44.2% -20.2% 37.5%
ZTH Zakynthos 187 123 309 -4.4% -13.3% -8.2% 168.4% 128.5% 151.0% 196.6% 252.0% 216.4%
SXB Strasbourg 181 305 486 -10.8% 3.7% -2.2% -11.9% 4.9% -2.1% -33.1% -50.3% -45.1%
AJA Ajaccio 179 62 241 -2.0% 37.4% 5.8% 11.9% 79.2% 23.9% 60.0% -0.2% 38.5%
BIA Bastia 177 95 272 4.5% 28.9% 11.9% -- -- -- -- -- --
GRO Girona-Costa Brava 175 33 208 -3.3% -12.1% -4.8% -12.7% -50.1% -22.0% -54.9% 1.7% -50.5%
SKP Skopje 169 394 563 3.8% 0.0% 1.1% 38.4% 45.3% 43.2% 88.9% 135.3% 119.1%
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport
BTS Bratislava 168 41 209 -7.3% -26.3% -11.7% 95.2% 65.3% 88.5% 17.5% -39.4% -0.7%
VAR Varna 163 177 340 -12.2% 31.8% 6.3% 119.7% 57.5% 82.2% 94.0% 50.5% 68.6%
POZ Poznan 163 582 744 -3.6% -0.3% -1.1% 47.0% 31.3% 34.5% 21.1% 58.6% 48.5%
GZT Gaziantep 162 292 454 0.8% 11.9% 7.7% 22.2% 63.1% 45.7% 230.2% 184.1% 199.0%
TIV Tivat 159 273 432 9.2% 5.3% 6.7% 100.7% 238.7% 170.2% 108.8% 1318.4% 352.7%
INV Inverness 151 349 500 10.4% 124.6% 71.1% 44.7% 447.4% 197.5% 13.0% 905.9% 197.2%
KRS Kristiansand 148 463 610 1.8% 1.5% 1.6% -4.1% 20.3% 13.3% 0.4% 37.9% 26.4%
ODS Odessa 147 437 584 11.8% 25.0% 21.4% 49.4% 26.0% 31.1% 34.1% 129.5% 94.7%
ASR Kayseri 142 380 522 5.4% 43.8% 30.8% 20.5% 30.3% 27.4% 177.9% 270.7% 239.8%
SZG Salzburg 139 693 832 -0.7% 2.3% 1.8% -15.6% -3.6% -5.9% -3.4% 15.8% 12.0%
TGD Podgorica 136 375 511 0.9% -4.5% -3.1% 49.4% 81.3% 71.5% 82.9% 542.2% 284.8%
GRZ Graz 135 996 1,131 -6.2% 0.1% -0.7% -5.6% 33.2% 26.9% -32.2% 46.7% 28.8%
SNN Shannon 134 540 674 -13.7% -11.1% -11.6% -25.9% -10.9% -14.4% -30.6% -4.4% -11.1%
PRN Prishtina 133 556 689 0.6% 3.9% 3.2% -- -- -- -- -- --
AES Ålesund 133 317 450 -3.5% -1.4% -2.0% 10.8% -13.4% -7.5% 34.3% 170.9% 108.3%
IOM Isle of Man 129 94 224 -9.0% 23.6% 2.4% 12.5% 52.2% 26.4% -57.8% 2358.8% -27.9%
RNS Rennes 128 408 536 -3.9% 0.4% -0.7% 36.4% 16.4% 20.6% 19.1% 42.9% 36.4%
OVD Asturias 127 292 420 5.5% -6.5% -3.2% 18.2% 29.7% 26.0% -12.1% -37.3% -31.3%
BES Brest 126 261 387 -6.7% 8.2% 2.9% 1.6% 32.1% 20.3% 8.2% 9.7% 9.2%
DSA Doncaster Sheffield 123 20 143 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
TSR Timisoara 116 186 302 -3.3% 1.4% -0.5% 103.1% 1.6% 25.8% -47.9% -23.5% -35.2%
SJJ Sarajevo 115 618 732 15.2% 18.7% 18.2% 12.5% 60.0% 50.1% 22.9% 140.7% 109.3%
UME Umeå 114 184 298 -22.2% -10.6% -15.4% -21.1% 37.2% 7.0% 15.3% 348.9% 113.1%
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport
REU Reus 113 18 131 4.3% -11.5% 1.8% 30.9% 127.8% 39.0% -14.1% 66.5% -8.0%
FMM Memmingen 112 9 120 21.9% 15.5% 21.4% 82.4% 85.2% 82.6% 28.2% -25.0% 22.1%
PUY Pula 111 136 247 12.6% 18.1% 15.6% 76.0% 144.1% 108.0% 179.7% 4361.0% 479.4%
NQY Newquay 110 95 205 13.9% 21.7% 17.4% -- -- -- -- -- --
BIQ Biarritz 110 255 366 -10.0% 11.7% 4.2% 6.1% 353.2% 128.2% 14.9% 239.6% 113.6%
HFT Hammerfest 109 7 116 -9.2% -30.0% -10.7% -22.2% 11.5% -20.8% -6.6% 101.3% -3.6%
DIY Diyarbakir 108 191 299 -18.3% 0.3% -7.4% -4.9% 9.0% 3.5% 147.2% 397.2% 264.0%
BUS Batumi 108 96 204 27.8% 22.1% 25.1% 396.0% 67.7% 157.9% 817.0% 553.4% 670.4%
IAS Iasi 108 88 196 0.6% -16.7% -8.0% 148.2% 7.8% 56.4% 155.5% 13.6% 63.5%
FMO Münster 106 623 729 -6.1% -1.7% -2.4% 23.4% 26.2% 25.7% -44.4% -8.7% -16.5%
ZAD Zadar 106 79 185 29.1% 9.3% 19.9% 48.8% 48.7% 48.8% 161.9% 5706.5% 341.2%
LEI Almería 106 128 234 -8.0% -33.6% -24.0% 19.1% -19.7% -5.8% 11.6% -43.1% -26.9%
LCG A Coruña 103 381 484 5.1% 5.8% 5.7% 5.3% 62.6% 45.7% -6.4% 26.1% 17.4%
LLA Luleå 102 145 247 -25.3% -2.8% -13.6% -28.5% 34.0% -1.6% -12.3% 77.4% 24.7%
VDS Vadsø 101 1 102 -7.6% -84.0% -12.2% -10.7% -57.0% -11.7% -5.6% -- --
VGO Vigo 101 342 442 1.4% 13.3% 10.4% 34.6% 39.1% 38.1% -20.0% -29.4% -27.5%
GRX Granada-Jaén F.G.L. 99 164 263 4.0% -41.6% -30.1% 39.1% -16.2% -1.5% 4.1% -22.9% -14.6%
EFL Kefalonia 97 45 141 7.8% -15.1% -0.7% 93.8% 77.8% 88.5% 115.7% 75.8% 101.3%
MLN Melilla 95 133 228 44.8% 8.1% 20.9% 40.3% 61.4% 51.8% 32.6% 53.7% 44.1%
PUF Pau-Pyrénées 95 200 295 -6.1% -21.2% -16.9% 8.9% -26.4% -17.9% -0.4% -50.7% -41.1%
TRS Trieste 95 499 594 11.7% 82.9% 66.0% 10.7% 96.0% 74.5% -6.0% 55.6% 40.9%
VBY Visby 94 65 158 -4.3% -18.6% -10.7% 2.0% 13.2% 6.3% -0.1% 298.5% 43.9%
XRY Jerez 93 234 327 -3.1% 0.3% -0.7% 17.0% 14.3% 15.0% -1.8% -17.9% -13.9%
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport
SZF Samsun Çarsamba 93 132 225 -11.6% -1.9% -6.1% 1.9% -34.0% -22.8% 100.9% 50.5% 67.8%
OUL Oulu 92 406 497 -2.2% 6.6% 4.9% -8.2% 30.0% 20.8% -4.2% 84.0% 57.3%
TKU Turku 90 263 353 17.0% 4.4% 7.3% 17.8% 2.1% 5.7% 38.1% 12.3% 17.9%
EVE Harstad/Narvik 89 82 171 -5.3% -22.5% -14.5% 2.1% -37.4% -21.7% 45.6% -10.0% 12.3%
RMU Murcia International Airport 88 23 111 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
HHN Hahn 86 1 87 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
SDV Tel Aviv Dov Hoz 86 -- 86 2.1% -- -- -7.2% -- -- 126.0% -- --
SDR Santander–Seve Ballesteros 83 163 246 -5.0% -2.6% -3.4% -0.4% 20.5% 12.5% -38.6% -20.0% -27.4%
VAN Van Ferit Melen 83 110 193 -5.3% -11.5% -9.0% 27.2% 40.9% 34.6% 138.1% 186.1% 163.2%
ALF Alta 79 67 147 -10.7% 14.2% -0.7% -19.7% -8.8% -15.0% -12.0% 77.8% 14.6%
KKN Kirkenes 79 51 130 -9.9% 14.1% -1.8% -15.7% -11.5% -14.1% -30.4% 29.5% -15.0%
GZP Alanya – Antalya Gazipasa 79 209 287 16.4% 35.9% 30.0% 92.1% 189.8% 154.5% -- -- --
OSD Åre Östersund 73 113 186 -1.9% -5.1% -3.9% -4.7% 2.2% -0.6% 54.5% 466.2% 176.3%
AGH Ängelholm-Helsingborg 73 51 124 2.8% -3.4% 0.1% -- -- -- -- -- --
HTY Hatay 72 131 202 -12.2% -2.4% -6.1% -9.2% -25.2% -20.2% 170.2% 375.6% 274.5%
INN Innsbruck 71 599 670 0.0% 1.2% 1.1% 1.2% 9.5% 8.5% -34.8% 36.8% 22.5%
KUN Kaunas 71 37 108 6.6% -8.7% 0.8% 38.2% 100.0% 54.7% 87.0% 140.7% 102.6%
MJT Mitilini 69 28 97 27.4% -50.2% -12.6% 25.4% -47.7% -11.1% -28.2% -45.5% -34.3%
NOC Knock 69 44 112 -2.9% 12.4% 2.5% -8.9% 25.8% 2.0% 17.5% 16.4% 17.1%
HRK Kharkiv 69 207 276 10.5% 15.3% 14.1% 59.9% 24.4% 31.6% 107.0% 192.8% 165.4%
KYA Konya 67 153 220 -17.5% 1.5% -5.1% -11.7% -37.3% -31.2% 218.4% 303.9% 273.4%
SBZ Sibiu 67 192 258 4.4% -10.4% -7.0% 96.0% 35.9% 47.5% 11.2% 83.9% 57.4%
KSC Košice 66 170 236 -6.8% 6.7% 2.5% -- -- -- -- -- --
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport
CFE Clermont-Ferrand 65 416 481 -8.2% 38.5% 29.6% -19.4% 27.3% 18.1% -54.2% 27.7% 3.0%
JCU Ceuta (Heliport) 64 -- 64 45.3% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
SMI Samos 63 53 116 14.6% -21.0% -4.9% 42.7% 78.9% 57.1% -2.6% -29.2% -16.8%
HOR Horta 63 40 103 7.0% 24.6% 13.2% 52.8% 35.0% 45.3% 16.8% 79.8% 35.4%
BRQ Brno 61 7 68 -7.6% -89.0% -46.7% 60.0% 12.2% 53.5% 47.4% -90.8% -41.0%
PAS Paros 61 82 143 17.3% -6.5% 2.4% 125.9% 458.6% 243.1% 221.1% 224.1% 222.8%
PVK Aktion 61 64 124 26.8% 28.5% 27.7% 147.0% 472.1% 247.8% 149.6% 2255.9% 358.9%
TLN Toulon-Hyères 61 55 116 -15.5% -64.8% -49.4% 10.2% 112.4% 43.1% 12.5% 104.8% 43.3%
JSI Skiathos 60 43 104 13.2% -18.6% -2.6% 180.9% 82.1% 129.1% 336.8% 1181.6% 502.2%
EZS Elazig 59 90 149 -6.1% 24.1% 10.0% -1.0% 52.2% 25.4% 229.9% 195.3% 208.1%
JKH Chios 59 53 112 7.2% -13.4% -3.6% 72.8% 9.6% 35.9% 13.6% 40.0% 24.6%
ERZ Erzurum 58 72 130 -30.6% -25.1% -27.7% -7.2% -13.4% -10.8% 192.5% 213.1% 203.5%
SOG Sogndal 57 3 61 -6.8% 41.1% -5.2% 3.9% 156.6% 7.1% -7.3% 36.8% -5.8%
MOL Molde 57 77 134 3.6% 13.3% 9.0% -25.8% -9.4% -17.2% -6.6% 133.5% 42.6%
FDH Friedrichshafen 56 365 421 -8.1% 6.3% 4.1% -21.0% 43.8% 29.7% -56.0% 52.1% 14.7%
VAA Vaasa 56 240 295 3.2% 4.8% 4.5% -13.1% 22.7% 13.9% -13.1% 47.6% 30.5%
HAU Haugesund 55 81 136 -0.2% 0.9% 0.5% -22.7% -29.5% -26.9% -11.7% 11.2% 0.7%
TMP Tampere-Pirkkala 54 270 324 -10.0% 6.6% 3.4% -28.2% 38.3% 19.9% -45.7% 55.8% 18.9%
FRO Florø 53 12 65 -10.4% 2082.3% 9.7% -27.2% 845.8% -11.6% -0.9% -- --
KSU Kristiansund 51 42 93 -27.8% -28.2% -28.0% -32.4% -28.9% -30.8% -13.8% -18.6% -16.1%
CLY Calvi Sainte-Catherine 51 26 77 6.2% 10.5% 7.6% -- -- -- -- -- --
JNX Naxos 50 43 93 31.6% -28.0% -4.8% 455.6% 1232.3% 660.3% 525.0% 714.2% 600.1%
LRH La Rochelle – Ile de Ré 50 14 64 -4.7% -1.3% -4.0% -1.2% 42.0% 6.0% 14.0% 162.8% 30.4%
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport
SDL Sundsvall-Timrå 49 80 129 -34.7% -10.7% -21.7% -- -- -- -- -- --
HOV Ørsta-Volda 49 7 56 -15.4% 736.1% -4.9% 0.8% 281.5% 10.9% 3.2% 477.3% 14.8%
KUT Kutaisi 49 10 59 5.4% -56.5% -15.4% 52.6% 30.7% 48.3% -- -- --
LKN Leknes 48 7 54 -32.4% 76.3% -26.8% -6.1% 111.7% 0.8% -14.8% 289.1% -5.8%
MEH Mehamn 47 -- 47 -9.7% -- -- -11.4% -- -- -16.6% -- --
KLR Kalmar 47 39 86 -7.8% -20.6% -14.2% -- -- -- -- -- --
EAS San Sebastian 47 143 189 -3.6% -21.4% -17.7% 10.8% 8.2% 8.8% -32.0% -22.3% -25.0%
MLX Malatya 46 80 126 -17.9% -6.1% -10.8% -0.8% -22.9% -16.1% 78.4% 329.1% 183.2%
RNB Ronneby 46 44 90 -8.0% -23.2% -16.1% 0.0% 9.3% 4.4% 36.8% 218.3% 90.0%
CFR Caen-Carpiquet 46 12 58 -16.2% -22.3% -17.5% 99.8% -38.3% 37.3% 26.7% -56.9% -9.2%
KVA Kavala 46 42 87 -0.1% -32.3% -18.6% 55.6% 50.0% 52.9% -0.2% -8.8% -4.5%
PGF Perpignan 45 37 83 -4.3% 62.7% 17.5% 6.9% 97.4% 34.7% -2.1% 103.9% 27.8%
BJF Båtsfjord 45 -- 45 -6.9% -- -- -10.2% -- -- -10.5% -- --
LNZ Linz 45 329 373 -22.5% -16.2% -17.0% -54.1% -45.4% -46.6% -62.8% -41.3% -45.1%
GNY Sanliurfa Gap 44 134 179 -17.0% -9.8% -11.7% -13.2% 98.1% 50.5% 216.7% 318.1% 287.5%
KUO Kuopio 44 273 317 4.8% 11.4% 10.5% -8.3% 12.3% 8.9% -10.8% 59.1% 43.5%
SKN Stokmarknes 44 13 57 -27.3% 155.2% -13.3% -25.8% 146.2% -11.9% -28.2% 728.8% -9.6%
KLX Kalamata 44 67 111 16.1% 17.0% 16.6% 58.1% 94.6% 78.3% 1467.1% 14011.9% 3291.3%
MQN Mo i Rana 44 4 48 -8.4% 282.7% -1.9% -40.2% 741.3% -34.9% -43.3% 537.5% -38.4%
OST Ostend-Bruges 43 2 45 8.4% 92.5% 10.4% 176.8% 45.2% 166.6% 387.1% 219.2% 376.6%
SVJ Svolvær 43 3 46 -36.4% -9.2% -35.3% 11.7% -56.8% 2.1% -7.5% 156.0% -3.9%
OSR Ostrava 43 1 44 -29.5% -92.5% -42.9% -12.4% -92.7% -32.9% -6.6% -98.4% -63.9%
MLO Milos 42 44 86 10.5% 11.0% 10.8% 250.0% 323.9% 284.4% 200.0% 526.7% 309.6%
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport
VDE El Hierro 42 4 46 0.0% -31.6% -4.0% 44.8% 50023.9% 59.3% 13.5% -- --
TPS Trapani Birgi 42 33 75 -17.0% 6.1% -8.2% -67.9% 80.2% -49.6% -59.5% 110.0% -37.0%
GIB Gibraltar 42 113 155 16.8% 46.3% 37.0% -- -- -- -- -- --
LIG Limoges 41 10 51 -12.0% -2.4% -10.3% -19.5% -12.2% -18.2% -38.7% -65.6% -46.7%
HVG Honningsvåg 41 0 41 -8.3% -- -- -19.4% -88.0% -22.0% -17.0% -62.8% -17.6%
FDE Førde 40 2 42 -2.4% 1296.7% 1.4% 0.1% 224.6% 2.9% 0.1% 68.7% 1.7%
AOK Karpathos 40 17 57 -10.7% -53.5% -30.2% -6.7% -40.0% -20.2% -4.9% 48.6% 6.8%
PLQ Palanga 40 68 108 -12.4% -12.4% -12.4% 90.1% 31.8% 48.7% 42.1% 38.8% 40.0%
VXO Växjö 39 89 128 -9.2% 12.7% 5.0% -- -- -- -- -- --
ANR Antwerp-Deurne 38 1 39 -41.3% -- -- 48.6% 55.4% 48.7% -21.8% -96.3% -38.7%
VAW Vardø 38 -- 38 -9.0% -- -- -10.0% -- -- -8.5% -- --
LDE Tarbes 37 18 55 12.1% 15.5% 13.2% 41.5% 70.4% 50.0% 75.0% 66.9% 72.2%
BNN Brønnøysund 37 0 37 -18.0% -99.8% -24.6% -57.3% -98.6% -57.6% -55.0% -97.1% -55.2%
EDO Balikesir Koca Seyit 36 70 106 -37.6% 28.5% -5.5% 158.1% 707.2% 368.8% -- -- --
KIR Kerry 36 54 90 0.0% 15.9% 9.0% 5.5% 88.3% 43.4% -22.1% -11.5% -16.1%
SSJ Sandnessjøen 35 3 38 -16.4% -49.6% -20.5% -52.9% 507.1% -49.2% -58.5% -- --
DNZ Denizli Çardak 35 127 162 -8.1% 33.2% 21.5% 0.4% -7.3% -5.7% 152.1% 1188.0% 584.8%
MHQ Mariehamn 34 28 61 0.0% -34.8% -19.4% 24.5% 130.7% 57.2% 29.3% -- --
RJK Rijeka 34 42 75 18.7% 42.3% 30.7% 126.4% 421.6% 230.0% 110.1% 499.3% 228.4%
KLU Klagenfurt 33 225 258 -8.3% -2.2% -3.0% -21.4% -0.7% -3.9% -55.9% -25.9% -31.8%
RVN Rovaniemi 33 256 289 3.5% 11.0% 10.1% 3.3% 38.6% 33.4% 37.5% 76.4% 70.9%
MQM Mardin 33 99 132 -29.9% -1.8% -10.7% -6.9% 243.8% 106.4% 93.3% 241.9% 187.3%
BCM Bacau 32 27 60 -2.9% 11.3% 3.1% -2.5% -- -- -1.6% 166.3% 38.2%
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport
PNA Pamplona 32 255 287 -1.6% 58.0% 47.9% 30.9% 211.1% 169.3% -56.6% 26.7% 4.2%
AEI Algeciras (Heliport) 32 -- 32 14.3% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
SFT Skellefteå 32 69 101 -33.3% -15.5% -22.1% -- -- -- -- -- --
JOE Joensuu 32 105 137 3.2% -10.0% -7.2% 6.7% 15.0% 12.9% 23.1% 79.8% 62.3%
ZAZ Zaragoza 32 9 41 -15.8% 11.4% -10.9% 46.3% 112.5% 57.3% -40.8% -84.3% -63.5%
FLW Flores 32 1 32 4.7% -2.4% 4.6% 114.1% 417.1% 117.1% 56.7% 477.7% 59.4%
HAA Hasvik 32 5 36 -5.0% 6.3% -3.7% 86.0% 714.3% 107.1% 70.3% -- --
VAS Sivas Nuri Demirag 32 50 82 -16.0% -25.4% -22.1% -1.3% -36.9% -26.8% 351.0% 43.4% 94.5%
CRA Craiova 31 -- 31 6.2% -- -- -- -- -- 424.1% -- --
ANX Andøya 31 15 46 -39.7% 99.8% -22.5% -6.2% -14.1% -8.9% -20.0% 356.9% 8.4%
NAV Nevsehir Kapadokya 31 113 144 34.9% 24.2% 26.3% 2.8% -12.0% -9.2% 340.3% 398.3% 384.7%
SDN Sandane 30 -- 30 -19.1% -- -- -12.1% -- -- -18.8% -- --
GRQ Groningen 30 1 32 -32.0% -98.4% -74.0% 160.4% 101.5% 157.4% 164.5% -- --
BAL Batman 29 79 108 -25.1% -28.0% -27.3% -23.9% 0.5% -7.6% 112.7% 343.7% 242.5%
KSY Kars 29 51 80 -14.9% -12.5% -13.4% 10.3% 123.5% 62.4% 84.8% 236.2% 158.6%
BVG Berlevåg 29 -- 29 -13.4% -- -- -9.8% -- -- -26.5% -- --
AXD Alexandroupoli 28 17 45 -24.1% -18.4% -22.1% 35.1% 26.8% 31.8% -37.7% -30.3% -35.1%
PIS Poitiers-Biard 28 5 33 -0.5% -36.6% -8.6% -0.7% -31.2% -7.1% -9.1% 44.7% -3.5%
LXS Limnos 27 7 34 49.1% -40.1% 13.6% -9.4% -65.2% -32.3% -25.9% -65.6% -40.3%
KAJ Kajaani 27 150 177 0.0% -3.9% -3.4% 18.1% 45.0% 40.1% 53.8% 63.1% 61.7%
MJF Mosjøen 27 0 27 -15.4% -98.6% -29.5% -62.4% -61.2% -62.4% -63.5% -90.2% -63.8%
RVK Rørvik 27 -- 27 -17.1% -- -- -28.6% -- -- -5.3% -- --
VBS Brescia 26 -- 26 -- -- -- -- -- -- -38.3% -- --
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport
ERC Erzincan 26 60 86 -21.8% -11.8% -15.1% 21.9% -3.3% 3.0% 135.9% 186.2% 169.1%
OSY Namsos 25 -- 25 -16.6% -- -- -34.4% -- -- -36.0% -- --
LUZ Lublin 25 38 62 -36.4% -25.9% -30.5% 279.2% 896.5% 505.4% -- -- --
KRN Kiruna 24 61 86 -3.9% -1.3% -2.0% -31.2% 34.9% 5.9% 19.6% 116.6% 76.0%
SOJ Sørkjosen 24 -- 24 -11.2% -- -- -21.0% -- -- -16.0% -- --
KEM Kemi-Tornio 23 100 124 -16.9% -26.6% -25.0% 19.2% 20.1% 19.9% -21.2% 19974.9% 310.8%
HAD Halmstad 23 19 42 -18.3% -21.3% -19.7% -- -- -- -- -- --
AJI Agri 23 32 55 28.1% 14.9% 20.0% 62.8% 12.0% 28.6% -- -- --
MSR Mus 23 18 41 -17.3% -11.7% -14.9% 9.4% -28.0% -11.3% 190.0% 211.5% 199.3%
KOK Kokkola-Pietarsaari 22 139 161 -53.4% -14.2% -23.1% -50.7% 12.7% -4.3% -10.1% 34.6% 25.9%
AJR Arvidsjaur 22 36 58 10.6% 154.8% 71.0% -- -- -- -- -- --
INI Niš 22 23 45 5.0% 214.5% 58.6% -- -- -- 633.3% 3565.1% 1134.2%
KCM Kahramanmaras 22 87 109 -14.7% 10.3% 4.2% 29.6% 172.4% 123.4% 120.3% 211.1% 187.5%
NKT Sirnak 22 31 53 -15.8% -32.8% -26.7% -- -- -- -- -- --
OER Örnsköldsvik 22 36 57 -55.5% -7.6% -34.3% -- -- -- -- -- --
LYC Lycksele 22 -- 22 -1.4% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
UIP Quimper 21 17 38 0.0% 57.3% 19.0% -11.1% 13.6% -1.8% -14.7% 5.3% -6.9%
GEV Gällivare 21 28 50 3.4% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
CIY Comiso 21 4 25 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
JYV Jyväskylä 21 173 193 0.0% 3.8% 3.4% 21.4% 44.0% 41.2% -37.5% 66.0% 41.1%
LYR Svalbard 20 85 105 5.1% 3.5% 3.8% 32.8% 78.0% 67.0% 13.1% 90.5% 68.1%
LRS Leros 20 27 47 67.6% 39.9% 50.6% -5.4% 342.7% 71.2% 25.4% 260.0% 99.3%
HFS Hagfors 20 -- 20 0.0% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport
IOA Ioannina 20 18 38 25.0% -8.5% 6.3% 66.7% 88.4% 76.4% -13.0% 36.3% 5.2%
PXO Porto Santo 20 19 39 66.7% -43.0% -13.9% 233.3% 2140.3% 469.0% -48.2% 228.3% -12.2%
THN Trollhättan 20 3 23 -4.8% -51.0% -16.3% -- -- -- -- -- --
VHM Vilhelmina 19 -- 19 9.6% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
JIK Ikaria 19 11 30 0.0% 116.0% 23.5% 3.8% 2.8% 3.4% 218.5% 362.5% 258.1%
BDU Bardufoss 19 29 48 -13.6% -2.0% -7.0% -5.0% -36.7% -27.0% 72.7% 133.1% 104.6%
LKL Lakselv 19 1 20 -24.0% -93.1% -39.8% -17.4% -82.0% -24.5% -24.0% -80.2% -29.3%
LPI Linköping 19 221 240 0.0% 1.3% 1.2% -- -- -- -- -- --
TYF Torsby 18 -- 18 0.0% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
LGG Liège 18 2 20 27.1% 26.4% 27.0% -27.5% -53.0% -30.6% 11.3% 79.2% 14.9%
FOG Foggia 18 -- 18 5.9% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
YEI Bursa Yenisehir 18 -- 18 20.0% -- -- 350.0% -- -- -- -- --
KRF Höga Kusten 18 -- 18 62.0% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
FNI Nîmes 18 6 24 12.4% 94.7% 25.5% 12.3% 468.9% 40.2% 19.0% 255.5% 42.5%
OSI Osijek 17 5 22 -0.1% 4.5% 0.9% 331.2% 138.0% 265.2% 799.4% 1929.1% 926.7%
SMA Santa Maria 17 4 21 6.3% -45.6% -9.7% 44.0% 100.4% 51.9% 14.7% 36.8% 18.3%
OHD Ohrid 17 7 24 42.0% 438.7% 79.5% 750.9% -- -- 256.2% 406.9% 289.0%
ADF Adiyaman 17 31 48 -19.4% 16.5% 1.0% 20.7% 8.6% 12.5% 112.0% 53.0% 69.3%
IGD Idir 17 81 98 -6.4% 10.8% 7.5% 18.7% 112.4% 87.3% -- -- --
KID Kristianstad 16 3 18 32.5% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
KIT Kythira 16 9 25 -6.0% 34.7% 6.0% 0.8% 37.1% 11.8% 125.7% 77.4% 104.9%
JKL Kalimnos 16 0 16 -- -- -- -24.2% -97.8% -39.9% 94.9% -96.7% 33.3%
GPA Araxos 16 16 32 22.3% 24.4% 23.4% 74.0% 146.0% 104.6% 29.4% 202.4% 82.8%
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport
BJZ Badajoz 15 95 110 50.0% 154.1% 132.2% 31.9% 687.6% 369.5% -33.6% 42.6% 23.3%
KSD Karlstad 15 -- 15 -64.2% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
LCJ Lodz 15 47 62 -6.1% -12.9% -11.3% -20.7% 114.9% 51.8% -51.1% 706.6% 69.2%
RET Røst 15 -- 15 -6.3% -- -- -4.7% -- -- -14.6% -- --
GMZ La Gomera 14 2 16 0.0% -12.9% -1.6% 0.0% -- -- 0.0% -- --
KLF Kaluga 14 2 16 -12.9% -48.2% -19.6% -- -- -- -- -- --
VLL Valladolid 14 10 24 7.7% -13.0% -2.0% -6.7% -28.4% -17.1% -71.4% -71.2% -71.3%
BGG Bingöl 14 48 62 -5.9% 295.9% 131.2% -- -- -- -- -- --
YKO Hakkari Yüksekova 14 44 58 -0.8% -6.4% -5.1% -- -- -- -- -- --
JTY Astypalaia 13 0 13 114.9% -- -- 12.5% -91.2% -12.1% 19.7% -91.6% -9.2%
TUF Tours 13 4 17 0.0% 5.2% 1.2% 0.0% 20.2% 4.3% 42.4% 25.8% 37.9%
HMV Hemavan 12 -- 12 -1.9% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
JKG Jönköping 12 1 13 -75.0% -99.5% -93.7% -- -- -- -- -- --
EVG Sveg 12 -- 12 0.0% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
JSH Sitia 12 7 19 -20.4% 25.5% -7.2% -56.0% 8966.9% -28.4% -57.8% 63.5% -40.7%
NOP Sinop 11 57 68 -27.9% -16.3% -18.5% 61.9% 18.7% 24.2% -- -- --
IVL Ivalo 11 43 55 -14.9% 2.4% -1.7% -13.6% -22.2% -20.6% 29.7% 40.0% 37.7%
PJA Pajala 11 -- 11 0.0% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
RRS Røros 11 -- 11 -8.3% -- -- -8.3% -- -- 0.0% -- --
VIT Vitoria 11 2 13 83.3% 9.3% 66.1% -- -- -- -4.8% -94.3% -71.9%
SUJ Satu Mare 11 0 11 -7.9% -48.4% -10.8% 85.7% -77.2% 42.8% 169.7% -78.8% 80.7%
OMR Oradea 10 -- 10 -63.2% -- -- -15.4% -- -- -47.0% -- --
KSJ Kasos 10 -- 10 0.0% -- -- -47.2% -- -- -58.1% -- --
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport
SVL Savonlinna 10 -- 10 -50.0% -- -- 0.0% -- -- -12.7% -- --
MZH Amasya Merzifon 10 16 26 -9.1% -7.8% -8.3% 1.9% -71.7% -60.7% 243.4% 154.9% 183.1%
CKZ Çanakkale 10 27 36 -29.2% 3472.4% 147.5% 98.2% -- -- 230.4% 142.2% 161.1%
DNR Dinard 9 13 22 -10.0% 101.5% 33.6% -34.9% 166.9% 17.6% -50.0% 124.1% -7.7%
TGM Vidrasau – Mures 9 0 9 798.6% -- -- 50.4% -90.4% 3.4% -30.9% -77.7% -35.1%
CDT Castellón 9 3 12 13.6% 84.2% 26.4% -- -- -- -- -- --
CND Constanta 9 50 59 -49.8% 82.4% 30.7% 77.7% 61.0% 63.3% -40.5% 382.1% 133.3%
KAO Kuusamo 9 98 106 50.0% 50.3% 50.3% 50.0% 81.0% 78.0% 0.5% 104.7% 88.8%
SKU Skyros 8 3 11 0.0% -8.9% -2.7% 33.3% 7.4% 24.7% 33.3% -67.9% -29.7%
VST Stockholm-Västerås 8 9 17 0.0% -33.4% -20.9% -- -- -- -- -- --
SNR Saint-Nazaire 7 -- 7 -22.2% -- -- 0.0% -- -- -23.4% -- --
VOL Nea Anchialos 7 2 9 5.7% 126.2% 21.4% -24.4% -69.6% -44.5% 236.6% 47.0% 156.4%
ISE Isparta Süleyman Demirel 6 54 60 -17.7% -1.2% -3.2% -11.6% 26.5% 21.2% -- -- --
JSY Syros 6 -- 6 0.0% -- -- 0.0% -- -- 200.0% -- --
KTT Kittilä 6 62 68 -14.3% 9.2% 6.6% -14.3% -14.7% -14.7% -28.6% 143.2% 100.8%
KZS Kastelorizo 6 -- 6 0.0% -- -- -14.3% -- -- 0.0% -- --
PED Pardubice 6 2 8 -33.3% 23.1% -24.9% -- -- -- -- -- --
RJL Logroño-Agoncillo 6 41 47 0.0% 20.0% 17.0% 0.0% 17.0% 14.5% -65.9% -42.0% -46.8%
KFS Kastamonu 6 23 29 -36.4% -51.7% -49.2% -- -- -- -- -- --
DLE Dole Jura 6 -- 6 0.8% -- -- -25.2% -- -- -- -- --
KZI Kozani 6 0 6 36.9% -- -- -- -- -- -29.6% -95.4% -34.2%
BAY Baia Mare 6 3 9 -- -- -- 20.0% -36.7% -8.0% -51.7% -58.9% -54.4%
BWK Brac 5 0 5 -43.5% -86.7% -52.4% -- -- -- -- -- --
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport Direct Indirect Airport
LEN Léon 5 8 13 0.0% -45.4% -33.6% 0.0% 57.5% 28.6% -86.8% -85.9% -86.3%
PMF Parma 5 -- 5 -16.7% -- -- -72.1% -- -- -73.5% -- --
OMO Mostar 5 4 9 -7.5% 132.0% 29.1% -- -- -- 391.4% -- --
KSO Kastoria 5 -- 5 27.0% -- -- -21.6% -- -- -22.5% -- --
TEQ Tekirdag Çorlu 4 -- 4 -42.9% -- -- -71.4% -- -- 0.0% -- --
KCO Kocaeli Cengiz Topel 3 -- 3 -24.5% -- -- 0.0% -- -- -- -- --
RGS Burgos 3 6 9 0.0% 41.9% 24.1% -40.0% 292.3% 35.6% -70.0% 436.1% -20.7%
PDV Plovdiv 3 -- 3 -57.1% -- -- -49.3% -- -- -- -- --
SXZ Siirt 3 11 14 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
KLV Karlovy Vary 2 3 5 -50.0% -43.7% -46.2% -75.0% -92.9% -90.3% -75.0% -90.6% -87.8%
ILD Lleida 2 0 2 0.0% -61.4% -18.9% -2.6% 130.3% 6.3% -- -- --
AVN Avignon 2 -- 2 -1.1% -- -- 1.0% -- -- -75.9% -- --
SLM Salamanca 1 -- 1 -- -- -- -75.0% -- -- -94.4% -- --
APPENDIX 6: HUB CONNECTIVITY
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Hub Hub Hub Hub
FRA Frankfurt 78,773 -0.2% 10.6% 28.4%
AMS Amsterdam 58,263 0.8% 18.0% 72.7%
CDG Paris Charles de Gaulle 47,556 -2.1% -5.2% -7.7%
IST Istanbul 41,539 16.9% 31.7% 353.3%
MUC Munich 36,058 2.2% 37.8% 44.2%
LHR London Heathrow 33,904 0.8% 2.7% 13.8%
SVO Sheremetyevo International Airport 24,879 22.1% 80.8% 446.3%
MAD Madrid-Barajas 22,933 9.9% 53.4% 17.9%
ZRH Zürich 18,392 8.7% 30.9% 44.8%
VIE Vienna 15,655 2.9% 20.1% 27.4%
FCO Rome Fiumicino 14,854 7.4% 17.1% 35.9%
HEL Helsinki 12,393 7.0% 62.2% 140.0%
LIS Lisbon 6,494 -2.0% 49.4% 155.5%
WAW Warsaw 6,329 19.8% 174.4% 336.1%
BRU Brussels 6,325 -9.0% -1.4% 11.1%
CPH Copenhagen 6,081 7.8% -2.2% -2.5%
DUB Dublin 4,365 4.3% 124.8% 408.8%
BCN Barcelona-El Prat 4,353 6.1% 57.6% 55.6%
DME Moscow Domodedovo 4,116 6.5% 80.1% 304.3%
OSL Oslo 4,003 -4.0% -2.3% 45.9%
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Hub Hub Hub Hub
SAW Sabiha Gökçen International 3,734 32.0% 58.7% 2333.9%
ATH Athens 3,309 3.6% 66.4% 88.3%
DUS Düsseldorf 3,254 8.8% 10.5% 23.0%
ARN Stockholm-Arlanda 3,000 -13.2% 12.1% 129.1%
KEF Keflavik 2,818 -38.9% 100.5% 923.8%
PRG Prague 1,676 -17.1% 8.9% -47.7%
STN London Stansted 1,617 2.6% 80.3% 86.0%
LGW London Gatwick 1,492 -4.1% 51.1% 57.2%
MAN Manchester 1,370 13.2% 41.2% 189.7%
ORY Paris-Orly 1,289 12.7% 11.5% 20.3%
MXP Milan Malpensa 1,267 24.2% 62.4% 44.6%
GVA Genève 1,207 2.9% -2.4% 83.2%
KBP Kiev 1,085 -9.1% -16.8% 354.0%
STR Stuttgart 908 -3.4% 96.5% 109.5%
RIX Riga 907 28.7% 196.0% 160.1%
LED St-Petersburg 886 1.1% -1.7% 111.6%
TXL Berlin Tegel 776 20.1% -70.7% 61.0%
LIN Milan Linate 596 15.1% 25.2% 130.3%
CGN Köln-Bonn 592 -44.0% 55.6% 73.3%
HAM Hamburg 563 -29.2% 16.0% 20.5%
VKO Vnukovo International Airport 491 -7.5% -- --
LYS Lyon-Saint Exupéry 489 9.2% 28.8% -55.7%
LCY London City 449 5.8% 7.4% 456.1%
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Hub Hub Hub Hub
VCE Venice 354 -4.0% 21.2% 83.0%
OTP Bucharest Otopeni 347 4.5% 28.6% 29.6%
BMA Stockholm-Bromma 341 -21.6% 22.8% 445.6%
BSL Basel-Mulhouse 321 29.2% 65.3% 455.4%
BGY Bergamo 302 11.3% 102.6% 278.1%
BRS Bristol 301 6.8% 50.4% 140.5%
BEG Belgrade 263 4.9% -4.0% 611.0%
OPO Porto 241 11.8% 150.9% 202.2%
BUD Budapest 223 13.5% 208.6% -80.6%
BGO Bergen 205 49.3% 36.9% 76.2%
AYT Fraport TAV Antalya 204 43.0% 2760.7% 980.0%
PMI Palma de Mallorca 201 16.1% -73.7% -81.7%
BHX Birmingham 194 -4.4% 64.6% 131.5%
TLV Tel Aviv Ben Gurion 190 19.3% 109.9% 187.1%
MRS Marseille Provence 190 22.0% 24.5% -36.5%
LTN London Luton 173 -- -- --
NCE Nice Côte d’Azur 168 5.1% 34.1% 67.9%
LJU Ljubljana 167 -46.3% 69.4% -4.6%
EDI Edinburgh 151 -7.3% 188.6% 141.4%
BLQ Bologna 150 17.7% 66.4% 379.9%
ADB zmir Adnan Menderes 148 13.4% 732.9% 219.9%
BOD Bordeaux 120 40.6% 153.1% -1.7%
GOT Göteborg Landvetter 115 0.3% 34.7% -10.4%
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Hub Hub Hub Hub
AGP Malaga-Costa del Sol 102 11.9% 25.6% 137.3%
ZAG Zagreb 97 -10.0% -- --
TOS Tromsø 97 21.1% 46.3% 262.8%
HAJ Hannover 91 -18.9% 117.5% 31.2%
NAP Naples 90 51.0% 188.4% 270.1%
EIN Eindhoven 86 17.4% 43.7% 1783.5%
LUX Luxembourg 82 2.8% 41.4% 158.2%
MLA Malta 79 6.4% 89.7% 130.8%
NTE Nantes 78 12.4% 378.6% 383.3%
SKG Thessaloniki 77 -0.1% 50.0% 143.2%
CRL Charleroi 73 2.5% 65.1% 383.0%
KLU Klagenfurt 68 -16.4% 325.8% 1505.8%
LPA Gran Canaria 68 -16.4% 325.8% 1505.8%
SVQ Sevilla 67 50.8% 141.8% 146.1%
GLA Glasgow 66 -35.6% 65.3% 4.6%
TLS Toulouse-Blagnac 62 -8.5% 21.0% 40.8%
KIV Chisinau 62 -2.2% 335.1% 785.3%
VLC Valencia 61 10.4% 103.5% 18.4%
SOU Southampton 58 -31.3% -35.6% -49.5%
SXF Berlin Schönefeld 57 -22.1% 132.1% 80.5%
SVG Stavanger 54 -31.1% -59.7% -49.1%
BIO Bilbao 52 4.0% 18.8% 7.4%
PDL Ponta Delgada 52 11.8% 83.3% 323.0%
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Hub Hub Hub Hub
NUE Nürnberg 47 -22.2% 10.1% -62.0%
TFN Tenerife Norte 46 -8.9% 9277.3% 3193.5%
SOF Sofia 44 -6.3% 17.8% 24.9%
EMA East Midlands 43 -13.8% -18.9% -44.5%
NCL Newcastle 43 -2.9% -- --
IBZ Ibiza 41 -4.2% 7.5% 772.0%
SNN Shannon 41 12.9% -13.2% 85.6%
MSQ Minsk 40 72.0% 132.7% 4164.3%
CIA Rome Ciampino 37 -4.4% -49.0% 563.7%
ALC Alicante-Elche 37 -4.6% 46.1% 94.3%
ESB Ankara Esenboa 34 -12.8% 134.3% 399.9%
LCA Larnaka 28 -48.9% -1.0% -70.8%
TSF Treviso 28 -3.7% 189.8% 868.8%
CTA Catania 27 35.7% -- --
SZG Salzburg 26 1.2% 40.1% 170.7%
FLR Florence 25 -32.9% -4.7% 20.0%
BLL Billund 22 -18.5% 32.9% -31.9%
WRO Wroclaw 22 -1.9% 276.5% 838.7%
BOO Bodø 19 -63.9% -41.1% 60.1%
TRN Turin 18 -52.2% 25.7% 433.1%
FAO Faro 17 9.4% 270.8% 623.0%
AER Sochi 17 10.8% -- --
TBS Tbilisi 17 46.2% 779.0% 188.4%
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Hub Hub Hub Hub
TRD Trondheim 16 -11.1% -20.0% -22.5%
BRE Bremen 15 -41.9% -48.2% -49.9%
KRK Krakow 14 59.2% 1306.2% 42.3%
PMO Palermo 14 43.2% 92.8% 12.4%
GRZ Graz 12 -0.5% 10.2% 139.1%
SCQ Santiago 11 84.6% 25.2% 333.9%
SPU Split 10 -2.1% 104.3% 124.9%
VRN Verona 10 47.0% 12535.8% 95.5%
SXB Strasbourg 10 -40.9% -61.1% -63.2%
VNO Vilnius 9 55.2% 45.6% 11764.6%
BTS Bratislava 9 -15.1% 1774.1% -9.8%
TRF Sandefjord 9 -22.3% -- --
ORK Cork 9 80.6% -6.3% 313.4%
TIV Tivat 8 365.2% 202.8% 151.1%
CAG Cagliari 8 58.9% 47.9% 33.8%
KZN Kazan 8 317.8% -- 220.4%
GRO Girona-Costa Brava 7 -19.3% -66.4% -94.0%
DBV Dubrovnik 7 13.4% 1300.2% 10039.0%
HER Heraklion 7 -46.1% 59.9% --
TLL Tallinn 6 -70.6% -27.6% 28.1%
BRI Bari 6 220.1% -- --
POZ Poznan 6 -11.7% 754.1% 505.2%
LIL Lille-Lesquin 5 -56.7% -55.5% 0.7%
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Hub Hub Hub Hub
ABZ Aberdeen 5 -51.0% -69.7% -71.6%
PFO Pafos 5 414.7% 769.8% 300.2%
TZX Trabzon 5 -10.8% -- --
ADA Adana 5 218.7% 666.0% 3713.3%
CLJ Cluj Avram Iancu 5 -34.6% 3730.3% 560.9%
RTM Rotterdam 4 -14.6% -- --
HHN Hahn 4 -- -- --
MHQ Mariehamn 4 -4.8% 4.9% --
FMM Memmingen 4 47.0% 510.6% -32.2%
BOJ Bourgas 4 -- -- 482.0%
JSI Skiathos 4 -10.3% -- --
TFS Tenerife Sur 4 3.2% -36.6% -64.2%
LNZ Linz 3 -45.4% -61.1% -59.5%
ODS Odessa 3 140.6% -52.9% 437.6%
CFU Corfu 2 73.0% 46.5% -51.3%
PRN Prishtina 2 55.2% -- --
ACE Lanzarote 2 -78.2% 54.5% -8.5%
MAH Menorca 2 17.8% 269.6% --
BJV Mula Milas - Bodrum 2 228.4% -- 28.2%
FUE Fuerteventura 2 -37.1% -28.2% -64.9%
FNC Madeira 2 -70.5% -51.0% -89.9%
NOC Knock 2 82.8% 52.0% 739.8%
INN Innsbruck 2 -62.1% 73.6% 9438.1%
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Hub Hub Hub Hub
KYA Konya 2 1609.6% 1770.4% --
FMO Münster 2 -69.9% 2060.9% -70.5%
CRA Craiova 2 29.5% -- --
RHO Rhodes 2 -57.7% -76.3% 323.2%
DSA Doncaster Sheffield 2 -- -- --
JMK Mykonos 2 -18.0% 69.2% 657.0%
MMX Malmö 1 -60.4% 883.5% --
TIA Tirana 1 909.2% -26.1% -55.1%
TGD Podgorica 1 -21.5% 23.5% 256.6%
FDH Friedrichshafen 1 32.1% -- 691.6%
RNS Rennes 1 115.3% 566.0% --
GZT Gaziantep 1 193.6% -- --
SBZ Sibiu 1 -- -- 41.6%
OVD Asturias 1 5.1% -- --
KUN Kaunas 1 383.9% -78.5% --
OSR Ostrava 1 -18.3% -46.7% --
CHQ Chania 1 -68.4% -55.6% --
BRQ Brno 1 32.4% 10.5% --
SDR Santander–Seve Ballesteros 1 69.3% -- --
TSR Timisoara 1 -14.0% -- -98.8%
KRS Kristiansand 1 -- 501.5% --
OST Ostend-Bruges 1 22.9% 261.3% --
OLB Olbia 1 -71.8% -75.4% -46.3%
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Hub Hub Hub Hub
PGF Perpignan 1 0.0% -- --
JTR Santorini 1 -24.5% 36.7% 447.3%
IAS Iasi 1 -72.1% 9855.8% --
GRX Granada-Jaén F.G.L. 1 -60.9% -- --
SJJ Sarajevo 1 -80.7% -19.4% --
HAU Haugesund 1 -- -- 13.5%
OSD Åre Östersund 1 -- -- -58.2%
FNI Nîmes 1 -35.3% -- --
VGO Vigo 1 -- -- --
KUT Kutaisi 0 415.8% -- --
ASR Kayseri 0 -- -- --
SKP Skopje 0 -- -- 417.3%
LCG A Coruña 0 -48.7% -8.3% --
HOR Horta 0 74.4% -- 493.1%
JER Channel Islands 0 1456.4% 96.2% -93.0%
HTY Hatay 0 71.6% -- --
TUF Tours 0 -- -- --
SPC La Palma 0 -- -- -44.8%
KVA Kavala 0 -75.5% -- --
UME Umeå 0 -16.4% -95.8% --
LCJ Lodz 0 -55.3% -- --
BDS Brindisi 0 362.1% -- --
VAR Varna 0 -90.6% -- -33.7%
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Hub Hub Hub Hub
LRH La Rochelle – Ile de Ré 0 -- -- --
SZF Samsun Çarsamba 0 -33.9% -- --
LGG Liège 0 -- -94.4% -90.3%
KLX Kalamata 0 -- -- --
BIA Bastia 0 -64.9% -- --
VXO Växjö 0 -89.4% -- --
AJA Ajaccio 0 -- 211.0% --
CLY Calvi Sainte-Catherine 0 -- -- --
KIR Kerry 0 0.0% -- --
SMA Santa Maria 0 -- -- --
CFE Clermont-Ferrand 0 -- -92.1% -99.4%
ZAD Zadar 0 -97.3% -- --
ADF Adiyaman -- -- -- --
AEI Algeciras (Heliport) -- -- -- --
AES Ålesund -- -- -- --
AGH Ängelholm-Helsingborg -- -- -- --
AJI Agri -- -- -- --
AJR Arvidsjaur -- -- -- --
ALF Alta -- -- -- --
ANR Antwerp-Deurne -- -- -- --
ANX Andøya -- -- -- --
AOK Karpathos -- -- -- --
AVN Avignon -- -- -- --
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Hub Hub Hub Hub
AXD Alexandroupoli -- -- -- --
BAL Batman -- -- -- --
BAY Baia Mare -- -- -- --
BCM Bacau -- -- -- --
BDU Bardufoss -- -- -- --
BES Brest -- -- -- --
BGG Bingöl -- -- -- --
BIQ Biarritz -- -- -- --
BJF Båtsfjord -- -- -- --
BJZ Badajoz -- -- -- --
BNN Brønnøysund -- -- -- --
BUS Batumi -- -- -- --
BVG Berlevåg -- -- -- --
BWK Brac -- -- -- --
CDT Castellón -- -- -- --
CFR Caen-Carpiquet -- -- -- --
CIY Comiso -- -- -- --
CKZ Çanakkale -- -- -- --
CND Constanta -- -- -- --
DIY Diyarbakir -- -- -- --
DLE Dole Jura -- -- -- --
DNR Dinard -- -- -- --
DNZ Denizli Çardak -- -- -- --
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Hub Hub Hub Hub
EAS San Sebastian -- -- -- --
EDO Balikesir Koca Seyit -- -- -- --
EFL Kefalonia -- -- -- --
ERC Erzincan -- -- -- --
ERZ Erzurum -- -- -- --
EVE Harstad/Narvik -- -- -- --
EVG Sveg -- -- -- --
EZS Elazig -- -- -- --
FDE Førde -- -- -- --
FLW Flores -- -- -- --
FOG Foggia -- -- -- --
FRO Florø -- -- -- --
GEV Gällivare -- -- -- --
GIB Gibraltar -- -- -- --
GMZ La Gomera -- -- -- --
GNY anliurfa Gap -- -- -- --
GPA Araxos -- -- -- --
GRQ Groningen -- -- -- --
GZP Alanya – Antalya Gazipasa -- -- -- --
HAA Hasvik -- -- -- --
HAD Halmstad -- -- -- --
HFS Hagfors -- -- -- --
HFT Hammerfest -- -- -- --
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Hub Hub Hub Hub
HMV Hemavan -- -- -- --
HOV Ørsta-Volda -- -- -- --
HRK Kharkiv -- -- -- --
HVG Honningsvåg -- -- -- --
IGD Idir -- -- -- --
ILD Lleida -- -- -- --
INI Niš -- -- -- --
INV Inverness -- -- -- --
IOA Ioannina -- -- -- --
IOM Isle of Man -- -- -- --
ISE Isparta Süleyman Demirel -- -- -- --
IVL Ivalo -- -- -- --
JCU Ceuta (Heliport) -- -- -- --
JIK Ikaria -- -- -- --
JKG Jönköping -- -- -- --
JKH Chios -- -- -- --
JKL Kalimnos -- -- -- --
JNX Naxos -- -- -- --
JOE Joensuu -- -- -- --
JSH Sitia -- -- -- --
JSY Syros -- -- -- --
JTY Astypalaia -- -- -- --
JYV Jyväskylä -- -- -- --
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Hub Hub Hub Hub
KAJ Kajaani -- -- -- --
KAO Kuusamo -- -- -- --
KCM Kahramanmara -- -- -- --
KCO Kocaeli Cengiz Topel -- -- -- --
KEM Kemi-Tornio -- -- -- --
KFS Kastamonu -- -- -- --
KGS Kos -- -- -- --
KID Kristianstad -- -- -- --
KIT Kythira -- -- -- --
KKN Kirkenes -- -- -- --
KLF Kaluga -- -- -- --
KLR Kalmar -- -- -- --
KLV Karlovy Vary -- -- -- --
KOK Kokkola-Pietarsaari -- -- -- --
KRF Höga Kusten -- -- -- --
KRN Kiruna -- -- -- --
KSC Košice -- -- -- --
KSD Karlstad -- -- -- --
KSJ Kasos -- -- -- --
KSO Kastoria -- -- -- --
KSU Kristiansund -- -- -- --
KSY Kars -- -- -- --
KTT Kittilä -- -- -- --
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Hub Hub Hub Hub
KUO Kuopio -- -- -- --
KZI Kozani -- -- -- --
KZS Kastelorizo -- -- -- --
LDE Tarbes -- -- -- --
LEI Almería -- -- -- --
LEN Léon -- -- -- --
LIG Limoges -- -- -- --
LKL Lakselv -- -- -- --
LKN Leknes -- -- -- --
LLA Luleå -- -- -- --
LPI Linköping -- -- -- --
LRS Leros -- -- -- --
LUZ Lublin -- -- -- --
LXS Limnos -- -- -- --
LYC Lycksele -- -- -- --
LYR Svalbard -- -- -- --
MCM Monaco (Heliport) -- -- -- --
MEH Mehamn -- -- -- --
MJF Mosjøen -- -- -- --
MJT Mitilini -- -- -- --
MLN Melilla -- -- -- --
MLO Milos -- -- -- --
MLX Malatya -- -- -- --
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Hub Hub Hub Hub
MOL Molde -- -- -- --
MQM Mardin -- -- -- --
MQN Mo i Rana -- -- -- --
MSR Mus -- -- -- --
MZH Amasya Merzifon -- -- -- --
NAV Nevehir Kapadokya -- -- -- --
NKT Sirnak -- -- -- --
NOP Sinop -- -- -- --
NQY Newquay -- -- -- --
OER Örnsköldsvik -- -- -- --
OHD Ohrid -- -- -- --
OMO Mostar -- -- -- --
OMR Oradea -- -- -- --
OSI Osijek -- -- -- --
OSY Namsos -- -- -- --
OUL Oulu -- -- -- --
PAS Paros -- -- -- --
PDV Plovdiv -- -- -- --
PED Pardubice -- -- -- --
PIS Poitiers-Biard -- -- -- --
PJA Pajala -- -- -- --
PLQ Palanga -- -- -- --
PMF Parma -- -- -- --
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Hub Hub Hub Hub
PNA Pamplona -- -- -- --
PUF Pau-Pyrénées -- -- -- --
PUY Pula -- -- -- --
PVK Aktion -- -- -- --
PXO Porto Santo -- -- -- --
RET Røst -- -- -- --
REU Reus -- -- -- --
RGS Burgos -- -- -- --
RJK Rijeka -- -- -- --
RJL Logroño-Agoncillo -- -- -- --
RMU Murcia International Airport -- -- -- --
RNB Ronneby -- -- -- --
RRS Røros -- -- -- --
RVK Rørvik -- -- -- --
RVN Rovaniemi -- -- -- --
SDL Sundsvall-Timrå -- -- -- --
SDN Sandane -- -- -- --
SDV Tel Aviv Dov Hoz -- -- -- --
SFT Skellefteå -- -- -- --
SKN Stokmarknes -- -- -- --
SKU Skyros -- -- -- --
SLM Salamanca -- -- -- --
SMI Samos -- -- -- --
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Hub Hub Hub Hub
SNR Saint-Nazaire -- -- -- --
SOG Sogndal -- -- -- --
SOJ Sørkjosen -- -- -- --
SSJ Sandnessjøen -- -- -- --
SUJ Satu Mare -- -- -- --
SVJ Svolvær -- -- -- --
SVL Savonlinna -- -- -- --
SXZ Siirt -- -- -- --
TEQ Tekirdag Çorlu -- -- -- --
TGM Vidrasau – Mures -- -- -- --
THN Trollhättan -- -- -- --
TKU Turku -- -- -- --
TLN Toulon-Hyères -- -- -- --
TMP Tampere-Pirkkala -- -- -- --
TPS Trapani Birgi -- -- -- --
TRS Trieste -- -- -- --
TYF Torsby -- -- -- --
UIP Quimper -- -- -- --
VAA Vaasa -- -- -- --
VAN Van Ferit Melen -- -- -- --
VAS Sivas Nuri Demirag -- -- -- --
VAW Vardø -- -- -- --
VBS Brescia -- -- -- --
CODE ABSOLUTE 2019 GROWTH 2019 VS 2018 GROWTH 2019 VS 2014 GROWTH 2019 VS 2009
Code Airport Hub Hub Hub Hub
VBY Visby -- -- -- --
VDE El Hierro -- -- -- --
VDS Vadsø -- -- -- --
VHM Vilhelmina -- -- -- --
VIT Vitoria -- -- -- --
VLL Valladolid -- -- -- --
VOL Nea Anchialos -- -- -- --
VST Stockholm-Västerås -- -- -- --
XRY Jerez -- -- -- --
YEI Bursa Yenisehir -- -- -- --
YKO Hakkari Yüksekova -- -- -- --
ZAZ Zaragoza -- -- -- --
ZTH Zakynthos -- -- -- --
APPENDIX 7: NETSCAN METHODOLOGY
The connectivity performance oered from an airport (airport connectivity) is made up of
all connections oered from the airport either direct or indirect via an intermediate hub.
Hub connectivity represents the connectivity oered via (with a transfer at) the airport.
FIGURE 1: DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONNECTIVITY
Traditionally, connectivity is represented by the number of destinations or the number
of direct ights oered from an airport. Although valuable in itself, this does not provide
insight into the indirect and hub connectivity provided by the airports. The SEO NetScan
connectivity model follows a more comprehensive approach and takes all three types of
connectivity into account.
The NetScan model rst identies all direct and indirect (one-stop)
connections available on an airport-pair. The model uses OAG
passenger ight schedule data on direct ights as input. The ight
schedules for the third week of June are used. Indirect connections
are created within the model by connecting two direct ights
taking into account minimum and maximum connecting times.
Indirect connections are possible at any given airport between:
• ights of the same airline;
• ights of airlines working together in an alliance or through
a codeshare agreement. The alliance and codeshare
compositions are specied for the specic year of analysis.
As indirect connections are less attractive to the passenger than
direct connections, due to the transfer and circuity time involved,
each connection is weighted for its quality. The quality of a
connection ranges between zero and one. A direct, non-stop ight
operated by a jet aircraft is given the maximum quality of one. The
quality of an indirect connection will always be lower than one since
travel time is added due to transfer time and circuity time. The same
holds true for a direct multi-stop connection or a direct connection
operated by a turboprop: passengers face a lower network quality
because of a longer travel time. Connections with a too long travel
time relative to the theoretical direct ight time will be assigned
a quality of 0. As such, these connections are considered to be
unrealistic travel options for the passenger. Box 1 shows how the
quality of individual connections is determined.
Source: SEO
The quality of each connection is calculated as follows:
1. First the maximum allowable perceived travel time is calculated. The
maximum allowable perceived travel time
max,
)(
perceived
yhx
t
between
airports X and Y depends upon the non-stop ight time between both
airports
and a factor which decreases with distance. The
non-stop ight time is determined by the geographical coordinates
of origin and destination airport and the ight speed of an average jet
aircraft taking into account the time needed for take-o and landing.
Over longer distances passengers are willing to accept longer transfer
and circuity times. Therefore the maximum allowable travel time also
depends on a factor which decreases with distance: the further apart two
airports are, the longer the maximum perceived travel time will be. For
example, when the direct ight time between two airports is one hour,
the maximum allowable perceived travel time will be about three hours,
whereas this will be 24 hours for airports which are 12 hours apart by
direct ight.
(1)
BOX 1: DETERMINING THE QUALITY OF INDIVIDUAL CONNECTIONS
2. Second the actual perceived travel time is determined. For direct
connections, the actual perceived travel time between airports X
and Y
actualperceived
yhx
t
,
)(
equals the actual ight time . For
indirect ights the perceived travel time equals the ight times on
both ight legs and the transfer time at hub H
transfer
h
t
. As transfer
time is considered more uncomfortable than ight time, the transfer
time is penalized by a factor which decreases with distance
xy
p
:
(2)
... /...
3. If the actual ight time is smaller than or equal to the average
non-stop ight time, then the weight of the connection
yahx
q
)(
equals one. In practice, this is only the case on direct
ights operated by aircraft that are at least equally fast as the
average jet aircraft on which the non-stop ight time is based.
When the perceived travel time becomes larger than the
maximum allowable perceived travel time, then the weight of
the connection is zero and the connection will be considered
unviable. In any other case, the perceived travel time lies between
the non-stop ight time and the maximum allowable perceived
ight time. In these cases, the weight of the connection depends
on the relative dierence between the perceived and maximum
allowable travel time.
(3)
When the perceived travel time is relatively small compared
to the maximum allowable travel time, then the weight of
the connection will be high and vice versa. The connectivity
yahx
CNU
)(
of an individual direct or indirect connection
equals its quality
yahx
q
)(
.
yahxyahx
qCNU
)()(
=
(4)
The CNU is calculated for each individual direct and indirect
connection. This means that when a ight is oered with a daily
frequency, the CNU’s for each of these seven ights as well as for
each possible connection have been calculated. The reason for
distinguishing between individual ights is twofold. First, the
ights might be carried out by dierent airplane types during
the week leading to dierent ight times and therefore diering
CNU’s. Second, the same ight might connect to dierent ights
on for example a Monday than on a Friday.
ya
ya
ya
ya ya
Summing the quality adjusted connectivity values oered by an airport
on a certain airport-pair gives the total connectivity on the airport-pair.
Summing direct and indirect connectivity oered from an airport yields
the airport connectivity, which measures the connectivity available to
passengers departing from the airport. Adding up hub connectivity by
transfer (hub) airport yields the connectivity oered via the airport, which
gives an indication of the performance of an airport as a transfer point.
Since 1997, NetScan has been applied in many consultancy studies for
dierent stakeholders and has been widely published in the international
peer-reviewed academic journals:
• Lieshout, R. & G. Burghouwt (2012). Airline competition in connecting
markets. In: Niemeier et al. (eds), Liberalization in aviation. Aldershot:
Ashgate.
• Burghouwt, G. and R. Redondi. Connectivity in air transport networks: an
assessment of models and applications. Journal of Transport Economics and
Policy 47(1), 35-53.
• Suau Sanchez, P. and G. Burghouwt (2012). Connectivity levels and the
competitive position of Spanish airports and Iberia’s network rationalization.
In: Journal of Air Transport Management, 18, pp. 47-53.
• Morris, P. & J. Veldhuis (2011). Finding that competitive edge. Scrutiny of
airline schedules reveals how connections between European, Asian and
Middle East networks are evolving. Airline Business, October 2011, 64-65.
• De Wit, J.G, J. Veldhuis, G. Burghouwt and H. Matsumoto (2009). Competitive
position of primary airports in the Asia-Pacic Rim. Pacic Economic Review,
vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 639-650.
• Burghouwt, G., J. de Wit, J. Veldhuis and H. Matsumoto (2009). Air network
performance and hub competitive position: evaluation of primary airports in
East and South-East Asia. Journal of Airport Management, August 2009.
• De Wit, J.G., J. Veldhuis, G. Burghouwt and H. Matsumoto (2008). Measuring
and Comparing the Network Performance of Four Major Airports in Japan
and Korea: Which Airport is the Primary Hub to Japan? A Viewpoint to Asia,
vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 27-38 (in Japanese).
• Burghouwt, G. and J. Veldhuis (2006). “The competitive position of hub
airports in the Transatlantic market.” Journal of Air Transportation, vol. 11, no.
1, pp. 106-130.
• Veldhuis, J. (1997). The competitive position of airline networks. Journal of Air
Transport Management, 3(4), 181-188.
SEO Amsterdam Economics conducts applied economic research for
clients in the public and private domain. We are aliated with the
University of Amsterdam, which gives us access to the latest scientic
insights and methods. By mixing quantitative and qualitative research
methods and techniques, we provide our clients with scientically
sound conclusions and solutions. The aviation department specializes
in airline and airport connectivity, trac forecasting, economic impact
assessments, emissions modelling and benchmarking of airport charges
and taxes. Its researchers regularly publish in scientic and professional
journals, and provide lectures, educational programmes, and trainings.
www.airport-connectivity.com
or download the le from: https://www.aci-europe.org/policy/connectivity2018.pdf
Want to know more about YOUR airport’s connectivity performance?
Additional appendices detailing individual airport data on air connectivity are available to download.
Simply scan the QR code below:
Want to know more about YOUR airport’s connectivity performance?
Additional appendices detailing individual airport data on air connectivity are available to download.
Simply scan the QR code below:
or download the file from: https://www.aci-europe.org/policy/connectivity.html
For the 6
th
year running, ACI EUROPE releases its annual Airport Industry
Connectivity Report – a comprehensive industry-wide snapshot of air
connectivity. This Report lays out the evolution of direct, indirect and total
airport connectivity as well as hub connectivity between 2009 and 2019,
enriched by analysis based on SEO’s NetScan connectivity methodology.
ACI EUROPE is the European region of Airports Council International (ACI), the
only worldwide professional association of airport operators.
ACI EUROPE represents over 500 airports in 45 European countries. Our mem-
bers facilitate over 90% of commercial air trac in Europe: 2.3 billion passen-
gers, 21.2 million tonnes of freight and 25.7 million aircraft movements
in 2018. These airports contribute to the employment of 12.3 million people,
generating €675 billion each year (4.1%) of GDP in Europe.
Released on 26 June 2019 at the 29th ACI EUROPE Annual Assembly,
Congress & Exhibition in Limassol, Cyprus.
Produced by ACI EUROPE
www.aci-europe.org
@ACI_EUROPE
Designed by Caroline Terrée | Illustrations by Jack Hudson
© Copyright ACI EUROPE 2019.
EVERY FLIGHT BEGINS AT THE AIRPORT.