55
bp Statistical Review of World Energy 2022
R/P ratios represent the length of time that those
remaini ng reserves would last if production were to
continue at the pre vious year’s rate. They are calculated
by dividing rema ining rese rves at the end of the year by
the production in that year.
As far as possible, the data represents standard
cubic metres (meas ured at 15°C and 1013 m bar) and
have been standardized using a gross calorific value
(GCV) of 40 MJ/m
3
.
There is a time series of natural gas rese rves, w hich
can be found in the Excel workbook. Data are
measured in billion cubic metres.
Please note th at due to process improvements for the
Statistical Review that these reserves tables have not
be en updated this y ear.
Natural gas production
Gas production comprises marketed production and
excludes gas flared or recycled gas. Includes natural gas
produced for gas-to-liquids transformation.
As far as possible, the data above represents standa rd
cubic metres (meas ured at 15°C and 1013 m bar); as
they are derived directly from tonnes of oil equivalent
using an average conversion factor and have been
standardized using a gross calorific value (GCV) of
40 MJ/m
3
, they do not necessa rily equate with gas
volumes expressed in specific national terms.
Natural gas production is provided in three different
units of me asurement to a ccommodate regional
customary usage. World natural gas production PDF
tables are in both billion cubic metres, a nd exajoules.
Data in th e Excel workbook are also in billion cubic feet
per day (bcf/d).
Natural gas consumption
Natural gas consumption excludes natural gas
converted to liquid fuels but inc ludes derivatives of
coal as well as natura l gas consumed in gas-to-liquids
transformation.
As far as possible, the data above represents standa rd
cubic metres (meas ured at 15°C and 1013 m bar); as
they are derived directly from tonnes of oil equivalent
using an average conversion factor and have been
standardized using a gross calorific value (GCV)
of 40 MJ/m
3
they do not necessarily equate with
gas volumes expressed in specific national terms.
The diffe r ence between these worl d con sumption
figures and the world production statistics is due to
variations in stocks at storage facilities and liquefaction
plants, together with unavoidable disparities in the
definition, measureme nt or conversion of gas supply
and demand data.
Consumption data in the PDF data table is in billion
cubic meters ( bcm) and exajoules, data in b illion
cubic feet per day (bcf/day) can be found in the
Excel workb ook.
Natural gas prices
Annual prices are given for benchmark natural gas hub s
together with contracted pipeline and LNG imports.
The benchmark hub prices incorporate US (Henry Hub),
C anada (Albert a), Netherlands TTF index and the UK
(NBP). Contract prices are represented by LNG imports
into Japan, the Japan Korea Mar ker (JKM ) and Average
German Import Prices.
The prices for LNG and European border are calcula ted
as CIF prices, where CIF = co st + insurance + freight
(average freight prices) in US dollars per million British
thermal units ( Btu).
Natural gas trade movements
Trade flows are on a contractua l basis and may not
correspond to physical gas flows in all cases. The data
illustrates the flow of pipeline natural gas and LNG
between sources of production and the regions of
consumption. LNG trade. As far as possible, the data
represe nts standard cubic metres (measured at 15ºC
and 1013 mbar) and has been standardized using a
gross calorific value (GCV) of 40 MJ/m
3
.
Coal
Coal reserves
Total proved reserves of coal are generally taken to
be those quantities that geological and engineering
information indicates with reasonable certainly can be
recovered in the future from known deposits under
existing economic and operating conditions.
Total proved coal reserves are shown for anthracite
and bituminous (including brown coal) and sub-
bituminous and lignite.
Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios represent the
length o f time that those remaining reserves would last
if production were to continue at the previous year’s
rate. They are calculated by dividing remaining reserves
at the end of the year by the production in that year.
The R/P ratios a r e calculated excluding othe r solid fue ls
in reserves and product ion.
R/P ratios are available by country and feature in the
table of coal reserves. R/P r atios for the region and the
world are depicted in the chart above and the Energy
charting tool.
Coal reserve data is in million tonnes.
Please note th at due to process improvements for the
Statistical Review that these reserves tables have not
be en updated this y ear.
Coal production
Coal production includes dat a for commercial solid fuels
only. Included in the hard coal category are bitu minous
and anthracite (hard coal). The sub-bituminous coal
includes lignite and brown coa l. Other com mercia l solid
fuels are also included. The da ta includes coal produced
for coal-to-liquids and coal-to-gas transformations.
In the coal production PDF table, the units are in
exajoules. The data can also be downl oaded from the
Excel workbook in m illion tonnes.
Coal consumption
Coal consump tion includes data for solid fuels only.
Inclu de d in the hard coal c ategory are bituminous and
anth racite. The sub-bituminou s coal includes lignite
and brown coal. Other commercial sol id fuels are
also included. The figures exclude coal converted to
liquid or gaseous fuels, but includes coal consumed in
transformation processes.
Differences between world consumption figures and
the world producti on statistics are accoun ted for by
stock changes, and unavoidable dis parities in the
definition, measureme nt or conversion of coal s upply
and demand data.
Coal prices
Annual prices quoted inclu de the Northwest
Europe marker price, Japan steam spo t CIF price,
China Quinhuangdao spot price and the US Central
Appalachian coal spot price index. Coal prices except
for the US Central Appalachian price are calculated
as CIF prices, where CIF = co st + insurance + freight
(average freight prices). The US Central Appalachian
price is FO B = free on board. All prices are quoted in
US dollars per tonne.
IHS Northwest Europe prices for 1996- 200 0 are the
aver age of the mon thly marker, 2001-20 17 the average
of weekly prices. IHS Japan pri ces basis = 6,000
kilocalories per kilogram NAR CIF. Chinese prices are
the ave rage mo nthly price for 2000-2005, weekly
prices 2006-2017, 5,500 kilocal ories per kilogra m NAR,
including cost and fre ight (CFR).
Coal trade movements
Commercial solid fuels only, i.e. bitumino us coal and
anth racite (hard coal), and lignite and brown (sub-
bituminous) coal, and other comme rcial solid fuels.
Intra-area movemen ts (for example, between countries
in Europe, Oth er CIS, Other Af rica, Other Asia Pacific)
are excluded.
Nuclear
The data are based on gross generation and not
accounting for cross-border electricity supply. ’Input-
equivalent’ energy is the amount of fu el that would
be required by thermal p ower stations to generate the
reported electricity output. Details on thermal efficiency
assumptions are available online
Data for the units are in exajoules in the PDF.
The data are available in the Excel workbook in
terawatt–hours (TWh).
Hydro
The data are based on gross generation and not
accounting for cross-border electricity supply. ‘Input-
equivalent’ energy is the amount of fu el that would
be required by thermal p ower stations to generate the
reported electricity output. Details on thermal efficiency
assumptions are available online
In the hydroelectricity consumption PDF table, the units
are in exajoules. The data are available in the Excel
workbook in terawatt-hours (TWh).
Renewable energy
The data are based on gross generation and not
accounting for cross-border electricity supply. ‘Input-
equivalent’ energy is the amount of fu el that would
be required by thermal p ower stations to generate the
reported electricity output. Details on thermal efficiency
assumptions are available online
Renewable powe r is based on g ross generatio n from
renewable sources including wind, geothermal, solar,
biomass and waste, and not accounting for cross-
border electricity supply.
Biofuels production and consumption
The data includes biogasoline (such as ethanol)
and biodiesel. Volumes have been adjusted for
energy content.
The biofuels PDF tables are in thousand barrels of oil
equivalent per day figures. The data are available in
additional units i n the Excel workbook.
Electricity
Electricity generation is based on gross output.
Carbon
C arbon emissions from primary energy us e are
estimated by applying the Default CO
2
Emission Factors
for Combus tion to the consumption of each energy
product type (coal, na tural gas and va rious oi l products)
from the list of IPCC emission factors. Biofuels are
considered as not emitting CO
2
, consis tent with the
practice o f the IEA. Second, the revised method takes
account of fuel consumption used for non-combustion
purposes, such as the use of oil products and natural
ga s i n the petroche micals industry o r of oil to produce
bitumen for road construction. Estimates of the
share of non-combusted fossil fuels taken from the
IEA’s energy balances are subtracted from the total
consumption of fossil fuels before applying the relevant
emission factors.
C arbon emissions from flared na tural gas are calculated
using da ta series on volumes of gas flared from
two sources: Cedigaz up to 2012, and the Payne
Institute for Public Po licy, Colora do S chool of Mines
from 2013 onward. Payne Institute’s data inclu de
flaring from upstream, downstream oil and gas, while
Cedigaz include flaring from upstream only. Volumes
of gas flared have been s tand ardised using a Gross
C alorific Value (GCV) of 40 MJ/m
3
. The IPCC Default
CO
2
Emission Factor for Combustion for natural gas
(56,100 kg CO
2
per TJ) is used and perfect combustion
has been assumed. These emissions represent around
1% of tota l CO
2
emissions.
Data for methane emissions a ssociated with the
production, transportation and distribution of fossil fuels
for 1990-2020 are sourced, where available, from IEA
(2021, 2022) Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Energy,
https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/
greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-energy. All rights
reserved. For a selected number of fossil fuel p roducing
countries where m ethane emiss ion data is not
currently available, an estimate of historical methane
emissions h as been deri ved using regional average
methane intensity of production . For 2021, methane
emission es timates are derived for all countries using
methane intensity of fossil fuel production in 2020. Total
methane emissions at a global and regi onal level show
a discrepancy with IEA d ata due to non-inclusion of
residual emissions i.e. emissions which have not been
allocated to named countries. There is a wide range of
uncertainty with respect to both current es timates of
methane emissions and the global warming potential of
methane emissions. To ensure alignment with fin ancial
and government reporting standards, the methane to
CO
2
e factor is a 100-year Global Warming Potential
(GWP) of 25, recommended by the IPCC in AR4.
C arbon emissions from industrial processes refer only
to non-energy CO
2
emissions from cement production
and are sourced fo r 1990-2021 from Andrew, R. M.
(2019 ) Global CO
2
emissions from cement production,
1928-2018. Earth System Science Data 11, 1675-1710,
(updated d ataset May 2022 ).
https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economic s/statistical-review-
of-world-energy/using-the-review/methodo logy.html#accordi on_primary-
energy -m ethodology