Enrollment in
Texas Public Schools
2022-23
Division of Research and Analysis
Office of Operations
Texas Education Agency
September 2023
Enrollment
in Texas Public Schools
2022-23
Project Staff
Yi Wang
Veronica Pedregon
Freya Gaertner
Editorial Staff
Shannon Nagy
Christine Whalen
Richard Kallus
Division of Research and Analysis
Office of Operations
Texas Education Agency
September 2023
ii Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Texas Education Agency
Mike Morath, Commissioner of Education
Office of Operations
Alejandro Delgado, Deputy Commissioner
Department of Organizational Development
Jennifer Chidsey, Associate Commissioner
Division of Research and Analysis
Linda Roska, Executive Director
Accountability Research Unit
Jennifer Broussard, Director
Citation. Texas Education Agency. (2023). Enrollment in Texas public schools, 2022-23. (Document
No. GE24 601 01). Austin TX: Author.
Abstract. This report provides information on enrollment in the Texas public school system from the
2012-13 through 2022-23 school years, based on data collected through the Texas Student Data System.
Enrollment data are provided by grade, race/ethnicity, gender, and economically disadvantaged status,
and for instructional programs, nontraditional school models, and special populations. Data also are re-
ported by education service center region and for state- and district-authorized charter school campuses.
Additional copies of this document may be purchased using the order form in the back of this
publication. Also, the report is available in PDF format on the agency website at https://tea.texas.gov/
reports-and-data/school-performance/accountability-research/enrollment-trends. Additional information
about this report may be obtained by contacting the Texas Education Agency Division of Research and
Analysis by phone at (512) 475-3523 or by e-mail at Research@tea.texas.gov.
Copyright © Notice. The materials are copyrighted © and trademarked ™ as the property of the Texas Education Agency (TEA) and may not
be reproduced without the express written permission of TEA, except under the following conditions: (1) Texas public school districts, charter
schools, and Education Service Centers may reproduce and use copies of the Materials and Related Materials for the districts' and schools' educa-
tional use without obtaining permission from TEA; (2) residents of the state of Texas may reproduce and use copies of the Materials and Related
Materials for individual personal use only without obtaining written permission of TEA; (3) any portion reproduced must be reproduced in its
entirety and remain unedited, unaltered and unchanged in any way; and (4) no monetary charge can be made for the reproduced materials or any
document containing them; however, a reasonable charge to cover only the cost of reproduction and distribution may be charged. Private entities
or persons located in Texas that are not Texas public school districts, Texas Education Service Centers, or Texas charter schools or any entity,
whether public or private, educational or non-educational, located outside the state of Texas MUST obtain written approval from TEA and will
be required to enter into a license agreement that may involve the payment of a licensing fee or a royalty. For information contact: Copyrights
Office, Texas Education Agency, 1701 N. Congress Ave., Austin, TX 78701-1494; phone 512-463-9041; email: Co[email protected]as.gov.
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 iii
Contents
Overview .................................................................................................................................................... vii
Highlights ..................................................................................................................................................... ix
Enrollment in Texas ...................................................................................................................................... 1
Statewide Enrollment .................................................................................................................................... 5
Enrollment by Race/Ethnicity ................................................................................................................. 7
Enrollment by Economically Disadvantaged Status ............................................................................. 10
Enrollment by Economically Disadvantaged Status and Race/Ethnicity ............................................. 12
Enrollment by Gender ........................................................................................................................... 14
Enrollment by Grade ................................................................................................................................... 15
Enrollment by Grade and Age .............................................................................................................. 18
Enrollment by Grade and Race/Ethnicity ............................................................................................. 19
Enrollment by Grade and Economically Disadvantaged Status ........................................................... 22
Enrollment for Instructional Programs, Nontraditional School Models, and Special Populations ............. 24
Enrollment for Instructional Programs and Special Populations by Race/Ethnicity ............................ 33
Enrollment for Instructional Programs and Special Populations by Economically Disadvantaged
Status ..................................................................................................................................................... 36
Enrollment for Instructional Programs and Special Populations by Gender ........................................ 38
Enrollment for Instructional Programs and Special Populations: CTE Concentrators ......................... 41
Enrollment by Education Service Center .................................................................................................... 43
Enrollment by Education Service Center and Race/Ethnicity .............................................................. 48
Enrollment by Education Service Center and Economically Disadvantaged Status ............................ 54
Enrollment in State-Authorized Charter Schools ........................................................................................ 57
Enrollment in State-Authorized Charter Schools by Race/Ethnicity .................................................... 59
Enrollment in State-Authorized Charter Schools by Economically Disadvantaged Status .................. 61
Enrollment in State-Authorized Charter Schools by Grade .................................................................. 62
Enrollment in State-Authorized Charter Schools for Instructional Programs and Special
Populations ............................................................................................................................................ 64
Enrollment in District-Authorized Charter School Campuses .................................................................... 67
Enrollment in District-Authorized Charter School Campuses by Race/Ethnicity ................................ 69
Enrollment in District-Authorized Charter School Campuses by Economically Disadvantaged
Status ..................................................................................................................................................... 71
Enrollment in District-Authorized Charter School Campuses by Grade .............................................. 72
Enrollment in District-Authorized Charter School Campuses for Instructional Programs and
Special Populations ............................................................................................................................... 74
iv Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
National Enrollment Trends ........................................................................................................................ 77
References ................................................................................................................................................... 82
List of Tables
Table 1. Enrollment Summary, Texas Public Schools, 2021-22 and 2022-23 .......................................... 4
Table 2. Statewide Enrollment, Texas Public Schools, 1987-88 Through 2022-23 .................................. 6
Table 3. Change in Statewide Enrollment, Texas Public Schools ............................................................. 6
Table 4. Enrollment by Race/Ethnicity, Texas Public Schools, 2012-13 Through 2022-23 ..................... 8
Table 5. Hispanic Students by Race, Texas Public Schools, 2021-22 and 2022-23 ................................. 9
Table 6. Non-Hispanic Multiracial Students by Most Common Racial Combinations, Texas Public
Schools, 2021-22 and 2022-23 .................................................................................................... 9
Table 7. Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged Students, Texas Public Schools, 2012-13
Through 2022-23 ....................................................................................................................... 11
Table 8. Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged Students Within Racial/Ethnic Groups,
Texas Public Schools, 2012-13 Through 2022-23 .................................................................... 13
Table 9. Enrollment by Gender, Texas Public Schools, 2012-13 Through 2022-23 ............................... 14
Table 10. Enrollment by Grade, Texas Public Schools, 2021-22 and 2022-23 ......................................... 17
Table 11. Enrollment of Students in Grades 9-12 by Age, Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 ..................... 18
Table 12. Enrollment by Grade and Race/Ethnicity, Texas Public Schools, 2021-22 and 2022-23 ......... 20
Table 13. Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged Students Within Grades, Texas Public
Schools, 2021-22 and 2022-23 .................................................................................................. 23
Table 14. Enrollment for Instructional Programs and Special Populations, Texas Public Schools,
2012-13 Through 2022-23 ......................................................................................................... 27
Table 15. Enrolled Career and Technical Education Concentrators, Texas Public Schools, 2011-12
Through 2021-22 ....................................................................................................................... 29
Table 16. Enrollment of Emergent Bilingual Students/English Learners, by Special Language
Program Instructional Model, Texas Public Schools, 2012-13 Through 2022-23 .................... 30
Table 17. Enrollment for Nontraditional School Models, Texas Public Schools, 2021-22 and
2022-23 ...................................................................................................................................... 32
Table 18. Enrollment for Instructional Programs and Special Populations by Race/Ethnicity, Texas
Public Schools, 2021-22 and 2022-23 ....................................................................................... 34
Table 19. Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged Students Within Instructional Programs and
Special Populations, Texas Public Schools, 2012-13 and 2022-23 ........................................... 37
Table 20. Enrollment for Instructional Programs and Special Populations by Gender, Texas Public
Schools, 2012-13 and 2022-23 .................................................................................................. 39
Table 21. Career and Technical Education Concentrator Enrollment Summary, Texas Public Schools,
2020-21 and 2021-22 ................................................................................................................. 42
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 v
Table 22. Enrollment by Education Service Center, Texas Public Schools, 2012-13 Through
2022-23 ...................................................................................................................................... 45
Table 23. Enrollment by Education Service Center and Race/Ethnicity, Texas Public Schools,
2021-22 and 2022-23 ................................................................................................................. 49
Table 24. Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged Students Within Education Service Centers,
Texas Public Schools, 2012-13 and 2022-23 ............................................................................ 55
Table 25. Statewide Enrollment, Texas State-Authorized Charter Schools, 1996-97 Through
2022-23 ...................................................................................................................................... 58
Table 26. Enrollment by Race/Ethnicity, Texas State-Authorized Charter Schools, 2012-13
Through 2022-23 ....................................................................................................................... 60
Table 27. Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged Students, Texas State-Authorized Charter
Schools, 2012-13 Through 2022-23 .......................................................................................... 61
Table 28. Enrollment by Grade, Texas State-Authorized Charter Schools, 2021-22 and 2022-23 ........... 63
Table 29. Enrollment for Instructional Programs and Special Populations, Texas State-Authorized
Charter Schools, 2012-13 Through 2022-23 ............................................................................. 65
Table 30. Statewide Enrollment, Texas District-Authorized Charter School Campuses, 2002-03
Through 2022-23 ....................................................................................................................... 68
Table 31. Enrollment by Race/Ethnicity, Texas District-Authorized Charter School Campuses,
2012-13 Through 2022-23 ......................................................................................................... 70
Table 32. Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged Students, Texas District-Authorized Charter
School Campuses, 2012-13 Through 2022-23 .......................................................................... 71
Table 33. Enrollment by Grade, Texas District-Authorized Charter School Campuses, 2021-22 and
2022-23 ...................................................................................................................................... 73
Table 34. Enrollment for Instructional Programs and Special Populations, Texas District-Authorized
Charter School Campuses, 2012-13 Through 2022-23 ............................................................. 75
Table 35. Public School Enrollment, Four Most Populous States and the United States, Fall 2011
and Fall 2021 ............................................................................................................................. 78
Table 36. Public School Enrollment (%) by Race/Ethnicity, Four Most Populous States and the
United States, Fall 2011 and Fall 2021 ..................................................................................... 79
Table 37. Public School Enrollment (%) of Students Eligible for the National School Lunch and
Child Nutrition Program, Four Most Populous States and the United States, 2010-11
and 2019-20 ............................................................................................................................... 80
Table 38. Public School Enrollment (%) of Students Participating in Special Education Programs,
Four Most Populous States and the United States, 2011-12 and 2021-22................................. 80
Table 39. Public School Enrollment (%) of Students Participating in Programs for Students
Identified as Emergent Bilingual Students/English Learners, Four Most Populous States
and the United States, Fall 2010 and Fall 2020 ......................................................................... 81
List of Figures
Figure 1. Enrollment by Race/Ethnicity, Texas Public Schools, 2012-13 Through 2022-23 ..................... 7
vi Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Figure 2. Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged Students, Texas Public Schools, 2012-13
Through 2022-23 ....................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 3. Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged Students Within Racial/Ethnic Groups,
Texas Public Schools, 2012-13 Through 2022-23 .................................................................... 12
Figure 4. Enrollment by Grade, Texas Public Schools, 2021-22 and 2022-23 ......................................... 16
Figure 5. Enrollment of Students in Grades 9-12 by Age, Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 ..................... 18
Figure 6. Enrollment by Grade and Race/Ethnicity, Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 .............................. 19
Figure 7. Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged Students Within Grades, Texas Public
Schools, 2022-23 ....................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 8. Enrollment in Instructional Programs, Texas Public Schools, 2012-13 Through 2022-23 ....... 26
Figure 9. Enrollment for Instructional Programs by Race/Ethnicity, Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 ..... 33
Figure 10. Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged Students Within Instructional Programs,
Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 ................................................................................................. 36
Figure 11. Enrollment for Instructional Programs by Gender, Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 ................. 38
Figure 12. Change in Enrollment Within Education Service Centers, Texas Public Schools,
2012-13 to 2022-23 ................................................................................................................... 44
Figure 13. Enrollment by Education Service Center and Race/Ethnicity, Texas Public Schools,
2022-23 ...................................................................................................................................... 48
Figure 14. Change in Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged Students Within Education
Service Centers, Texas Public Schools, 2012-13 to 2022-23 .................................................... 54
Figure 15. Enrollment by Race/Ethnicity, Texas State-Authorized Charter Schools, 2012-13
Through 2022-23 ....................................................................................................................... 59
Figure 16. Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged Students, Texas State-Authorized Charter
Schools, 2012-13 Through 2022-23 .......................................................................................... 61
Figure 17. Enrollment by Grade, Texas State-Authorized Charter Schools, 2021-22 and 2022-23 ........... 62
Figure 18. Enrollment in Instructional Programs, Texas State-Authorized Charter Schools, 2012-13
Through 2022-23 ....................................................................................................................... 64
Figure 19. Enrollment by Race/Ethnicity, Texas District-Authorized Charter School Campuses,
2012-13 Through 2022-23 ......................................................................................................... 69
Figure 20. Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged Students, Texas District-Authorized Charter
School Campuses, 2012-13 Through 2022-23 .......................................................................... 71
Figure 21. Enrollment by Grade, Texas District-Authorized Charter School Campuses, 2021-22 and
2022-23 ...................................................................................................................................... 72
Figure 22. Enrollment in Instructional Programs, Texas District-Authorized Charter School
Campuses, 2012-13 Through 2022-23 ...................................................................................... 74
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 vii
Overview
This report provides enrollment data for students attending Texas public schools in the 2022-23
school year and updates 10-year trends in state enrollment. Enrollment data are provided by the following
student characteristics: race/ethnicity, economic status, gender, and grade level. Data are also provided
by student participation in the following special instructional programs: bilingual or English as a second
language (ESL), career and technical education (CTE), gifted and talented, Section 504, special educa-
tion, and Title I. In addition, data are provided for the following special populations: students identified as
at risk of dropping out of school, as having dyslexia, as emergent bilingual students/English learners (EB
students/ELs), as in foster care, as homeless, as immigrants, as migrants, and as military-connected. Data
are also provided for students identified as EB students/ELs by special language program instructional
model. Additionally, data are provided for students enrolled in nontraditional school models such as Early
College High Schools (ECHS), Pathways in Technology Early College High Schools (P-TECH), and
Texas Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (T-STEM) Academies.
Enrollment data for the 20 regional education service centers (ESCs) throughout the state are pre-
sented, as are data for state- and district-authorized charter school campuses. In addition, national enroll-
ment trends are examined, and enrollment data for the four most populous states in the United States
(California, Florida, New York, and Texas) are compared.
viii Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 ix
Highlights
• In the 2022-23 school year, 5,518,432 students were enrolled in Texas public schools, an increase of
91,062 students, or 1.7 percent, from the 2021-22 school year. With the increase in students between
2021-22 and 2022-23, enrollment was higher than it was before the COVID-19 pandemic began.
• Over the 10-year period between 2012-13 and 2022-23, total enrollment in Texas public schools in-
creased by 442,592 students, or 8.7 percent.
• Enrollment increased between 2021-22 and 2022-23 for the largest racial/ethnic groups, except for
White students, whose enrollment fell by 11,001 students, or 0.8 percent.
• Across the five largest groups, Hispanic students accounted for the largest percentage of total enroll-
ment in Texas public schools in 2022-23 (52.9%), followed by White (25.7%), African American
(12.8%), Asian (5.1%), and multiracial (3.0%) students.
• Between 2021-22 and 2022-23, the number of students identified as economically disadvantaged
increased by 131,797, or 4.0 percent. The overall percentage of students identified as economically
disadvantaged increased slightly, to 62.0 percent.
• Between 2012-13 and 2022-23, the percentage increase in the number of students identified as eco-
nomically disadvantaged (11.8%) was greater than the percentage increase in the student population
overall (8.7%).
• In 2022-23, Grade 9 had the highest enrollment, at 478,101 students, followed by Grade 10, at
437,002 students.
• The percentage of students identified as emergent bilingual students/English learners grew from
17.0 percent in 2012-13 to 23.0 percent in 2022-23.
• The percentage of students served in special education programs increased from 11.7 percent in
2021-22 to 12.7 percent in 2022-23.
• Between 2021-22 and 2022-23, enrollment increased in fourteen ESC regions and decreased in
six regions. Region 14 (Abilene) had the largest percentage increase in enrollment, at 7.2 percent
(4,506 students), while Region 3 (Victoria) had the largest percentage decrease in enrollment, at
3.3 percent (1,636 students).
• In the 2022-23 school year, there were 188 state-authorized charter schools and 908 state-authorized
charter school campuses that served 404,089 students. Students enrolled in state-authorized charter
schools accounted for 7.3 percent of the total Texas public school population.
• In 2022-23, enrollment in state-authorized charter schools increased from the previous year by
7.1 percent, while overall statewide enrollment increased by 1.7 percent.
• In the 2022-23 school year, there were 127 district-authorized charter school campuses within 25 dis-
tricts that served 65,165 students. Students enrolled in district-authorized charter school campuses ac-
counted for 1.2 percent of the total Texas public school population.
• In 2022-23, enrollment in district-authorized charter school campuses decreased from the previous
year by 0.1 percent, while overall statewide enrollment increased by 1.7 percent.
• According to national figures, between 2011 and 2021, public school enrollment in Texas increased
by 8.6 percent, while enrollment in the United States decreased by 0.2 percent. The increase in Texas
was the eighth-highest percentage increase in statewide public school enrollment in the nation, behind
the District of Columbia (20.3%), North Dakota (19.7%), Utah (15.4%), Idaho (12.3%), Nevada
(10.7%), South Dakota (10.4%), and Nebraska (8.7%).
x Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
• According to national figures, from 2011 to 2021, the proportion of public school enrollment ac-
counted for by Hispanic students increased from 50.8 percent to 52.7 percent in Texas and from
23.7 percent to 28.4 percent nationwide. During the same period, the proportion of enrollment ac-
counted for by White students decreased from 30.6 percent to 26.3 percent in Texas and from
51.7 percent to 45.2 percent nationwide.
• National figures indicate the majority of students in Texas (60.2%) were eligible for free or
reduced-price meals in the 2019-20 school year, 8.1 percentage points higher than the national
average (52.1%). Between 2010-11 and 2019-20, the percentage of eligible students increased by
9.9 percentage points in Texas and by 4.0 percentage points nationwide.
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 1
Enrollment in Texas
Reporting of Enrollment Data
Enrollment is typically defined as the number of students registered in a school at a designated time
in the school year. In this report, enrollment refers to the number of students enrolled in early education
through Grade 12 in the Texas public school system as of the last Friday in October. This designated day
is called the "snapshot date" in the Public Education Information Management System (PEIMS). Enroll-
ment counts are available for all campuses, school districts, charter schools, counties, education service
center regions, and the state.
Enrollment data in Texas include student demographic information, such as race/ethnicity, gender,
and economically disadvantaged status, and information on student participation in special programs.
Data on student characteristics and program participation are essential for monitoring educational pro-
gress and planning educational programs at all levels of the education system.
Financial planners and civic leaders use enrollment data to monitor the educational needs of a com-
munity. For example, a growing community will consider current enrollment data when making decisions
to add teachers or adjust school programs in the short term. For long-term planning purposes, districts use
enrollment trend data to predict and respond to changing needs in areas such as school facilities.
Texas public school enrollment data are used at the regional and state levels for education policy
planning, administration, and research. Because enrollment trends reflect changes in society as a whole,
the Texas Education Agency (TEA), state legislature, and research organizations use enrollment data to
prepare for the future educational needs of Texas. Enrollment data allow the computation of many vital
statistics about the Texas public education system, such as student/teacher ratios.
Since 1994, accountability ratings for Texas public schools and districts have been based on legisla-
tively mandated indicators that draw from enrollment data collected by TEA. Texas law provides that
"Performance on the achievement indicators adopted ... must be based on information that is disaggre-
gated by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status ..." (Texas Education Code [TEC] §39.053, 2022).
As a result, performance is reported by total student population and by student group categories, such as
race/ethnicity and economically disadvantaged status.
Enrollment data also are required by federal education legislation. For example, the Every Student
Succeeds Act (ESSA, 2015) obliges states to submit data for all students by the following categories:
economically disadvantaged students; students from major racial and ethnic groups; students with disabil-
ities; and students identified as emergent bilingual students/English learners. Likewise, ESSA requires
state report cards to be submitted annually with information on student achievement disaggregated by
race, ethnicity, gender, disability status, migrant status, English language proficiency, status as economi-
cally disadvantaged, homeless status, foster care status, and status as a student with a parent who is a
member of the U.S. armed forces on active duty.
In the 2022-23 school year, a broad range of information, such as student characteristics and program
participation, was collected through the Texas Student Data System on more than 1,200 school districts
and state-authorized charter schools; more than 9,100 campuses; more than 371,000 teachers; and over
5.5 million students. Texas public school students are served in markedly diverse school settings. Districts
ranged in size from less than one square mile to nearly five thousand square miles. The district with the
smallest enrollment in the state, San Vicente Independent School District (ISD), had a total enrollment of
9 students. In contrast, about 190,000 students received instruction at 274 campuses in Houston ISD.
2 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Data for state-administered school districts are not included in this report. State-administered districts
are created by legislative act and funded and administered by state government agencies, such as the
Texas Juvenile Justice Department and the Texas Department of Aging and Disability Services.
This report provides an overview of Texas enrollment trends, including diversity of the student popu-
lation by grade, by education service center region, and within state- and district-authorized charter school
campuses (Table 1 on page 4). Historical data on Texas public school enrollment are included with dis-
cussion of changes over time.
Reporting of Race/Ethnicity
In 2009-10, TEA began collecting data on race and ethnicity in compliance with a new federal stand-
ard (TEA, 2009). For that year only, as a transitional measure, the data also were collected using the old
standard. The current standard requires that race and ethnicity be collected separately using a specific
two-part question, presented in a specific order, and that both parts of the question be answered (TEA,
2023).
Part 1. Ethnicity: Is the person Hispanic/Latino? Choose only one.
• Hispanic/Latino
• Not Hispanic/Latino
Part 2. Race: What is the person's race? Choose one or more, regardless of ethnicity.
• American Indian or Alaska Native
• Asian
• Black or African American
• Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander
• White
The racial/ethnic categories are defined as follows. Hispanic/Latino includes students of Cuban,
Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race.
American Indian or Alaska Native includes students having origins in any of the original peoples of North
and South America (including Central America), and who maintain a tribal affiliation or community at-
tachment. Asian includes students having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast
Asia, or the Indian subcontinent. Black or African American includes students having origins in any of
the black racial groups of Africa. Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander includes students having origins
in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands. White includes students
having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa.
Adoption of the current standard results in several important changes: (a) the combined racial cate-
gory Asian/Pacific Islander is now separated into two categories; (b) students once identified exclusively
as "Hispanic/Latino" must now report their race; (c) students may report more than one race; and (d) the
definition for one of the racial categories—American Indian or Alaska Native—differs from that used
in years past. Prior to 2009-10, American Indian or Alaska Native included students having origins in
any of the original peoples of North America only.
Throughout the rest of this report, students classified in PEIMS as Hispanic/Latino are referred to as
Hispanic; students classified as American Indian or Alaska Native are referred to as American Indian; stu-
dents classified as Black or African American are referred to as African American; students classified as
Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander are referred to as Pacific Islander; and students classified as hav-
ing two or more races are referred to as multiracial.
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 3
For purposes of reporting Texas public school enrollment data, TEA combines the answers to the
two-part question to create seven mutually exclusive racial/ethnic categories. A student identified as
Hispanic is included only in the count for Hispanics. A student not identified as Hispanic is included in
the count for only one of the following six racial categories: African American, American Indian, Asian,
Pacific Islander, White, or multiracial. A student identified as having two or more races is included only
in the count for multiracial students, not in the count for any single racial category.
Because rates for smaller groups can be less stable over time, comparisons of rates across racial/
ethnic groups can be misleading when one group is small compared to other groups. The non-Hispanic
American Indian and Pacific Islander student populations are small in number, compared to other racial/
ethnic populations. Similarly, within the overall Hispanic student population, the Asian and Pacific Is-
lander populations are small in number, compared to other racial populations. Therefore, discussions of
results in this report, including comparisons across racial/ethnic groups, do not include these populations.
Reporting of Enrollment in Instructional Programs
Calculations used in preparing this report account for students enrolled in early education through
Grade 12, with one exception: participation in instructional programs. Data for special education, gifted
and talented, and Title I exclude students in early education.
Beginning in 2020-21, districts no longer reported career and technical education (CTE) data to TEA.
Instead, the agency began to use course completion data reported during the summer to determine CTE
participation. Beginning with 2022-23 reporting, CTE participation is presented using the CTE indicator
classification, CTE concentrator, which is derived from summer course completion data. A CTE concen-
trator is a student who completed and passed two or more approved CTE courses for high school credit,
for a total of at least two credits, within the same program of study. Prior-year CTE participation data for
enrolled students are presented in this report for CTE concentrators only.
Reporting of Enrollment in State- and District-Authorized Charter School
Campuses
Throughout this report, enrollment data for Texas public schools overall include students attending
state-authorized charter schools (previously referred to as open-enrollment charter schools) and district-
authorized charter school campuses (previously referred to as in-district charter school campuses).
Enrollment data for state-authorized charter schools only are presented in the section of the report titled
"Enrollment in State-Authorized Charter Schools" on page 57. Enrollment data for district-authorized
charter school campuses only are presented in the section of the report titled "Enrollment in District-
Authorized Charter School Campuses" on page 67.
4 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Table 1
Enrollment Summary, Texas Public Schools, 2021-22 and 2022-23
Group
Enrollment
2021-22
Enrollment
2022-23
Texas public school enrollment
All students
5,427,370
5,518,432
Race/ethnicity
African American
694,302
706,775
American Indian
18,028
17,976
Asian
261,788
280,742
Hispanic
2,860,754
2,921,416
Pacific Islander
8,477
8,718
White
1,427,241
1,416,240
Multiracial
156,780
166,565
Economic status
Economically disadvantaged
3,289,420
3,421,217
Gender
Female
2,650,563
2,693,780
Male
2,776,807
2,824,652
Grade
Early education
21,375
25,110
Prekindergarten – Age 3
34,259
40,535
Prekindergarten – Age 4
189,474
203,749
Kindergarten
371,502
367,633
Grade 1
386,232
399,419
Grade 2
383,838
395,969
Grade 3
384,872
393,871
Grade 4
386,011
394,020
Grade 5
389,971
395,384
Grade 6
400,447
399,557
Grade 7
418,788
409,566
Grade 8
424,544
425,758
Grade 9
475,746
478,101
Grade 10
408,700
437,002
Grade 11
389,454
386,246
Grade 12
362,157
366,512
Group
Enrollment
2021-22
Instructional program or special population
a
At-risk
2,901,015
Bilingual or ESL
b,c
1,185,511
Dyslexia
270,966
EB/EL
d
1,175,333
Foster care
15,409
Gifted and talented
435,356
Homeless
61,687
Immigrant
108,787
Migrant
14,426
Military-connected
176,554
Section 504
401,648
Special education
635,097
Title I
3,487,333
Education service center
Region 1 – Edinburg
422,858
Region 2 – Corpus Christi
94,866
Region 3 – Victoria
50,255
Region 4 – Houston
1,232,666
Region 5 – Beaumont
83,604
Region 6 – Huntsville
216,414
Region 7 – Kilgore
180,380
Region 8 – Mt. Pleasant
55,690
Region 9 – Wichita Falls
37,146
Region 10 – Richardson
882,725
Region 11 – Fort Worth
592,249
Region 12 – Waco
175,921
Region 13 – Austin
390,880
Region 14 – Abilene
62,295
Region 15 – San Angelo
49,755
Region 16 – Amarillo
82,081
Region 17 – Lubbock
83,609
Region 18 – Midland
89,515
Region 19 – El Paso
166,550
Region 20 – San Antonio
477,911
Charter school enrollment
State-auth.
e
charter school
377,375
District-auth.
f
charter school
campus
65,200
a
Students may be counted in more than one category.
b
English as a second language.
c
Bilingual and English as a second language program data reflect the
number of students who were reported as participating in state-approved instructional program models or alternative language programs.
d
Emergent bilingual
student/English learner.
e
State-authorized.
f
District-authorized.
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 5
Statewide Enrollment
In recent years, public school enrollment steadily increased, particularly in the southern and western
United States, until the fall of 2020, when enrollment dropped by 2.8 percent nationwide (National Center
for Education Statistics [NCES], n.d.-b). Between the fall of 2019 and the fall of 2020, public school en-
rollment decreased in each of the 50 states and increased very slightly in the District of Columbia. In
2013, nationwide public school enrollment reached 50 million for the first time and reached 50.8 million
in 2019. However, by the fall of 2020, enrollment decreased to 49.4 million students and remained below
50 million by the fall of 2021, despite an increase in students. For the 10-year period from 2021 to 2031,
NCES projects a decrease of 5.1 percent nationwide in public elementary and secondary school enroll-
ment. The method used by NCES to project school enrollments "... assumes that future trends in factors
affecting enrollments will be consistent with past patterns. It implicitly includes the net effect of factors
such as dropouts, deaths, nonpromotion, transfers to and from public schools, and state level migration"
(NCES, 2020; p. 2). Nationwide, Texas experienced the eighth-largest increase (after the District of Co-
lumbia, North Dakota, Utah, Idaho, Nevada, South Dakota, and Nebraska) in public school enrollment
between 2011 and 2021, at 8.6 percent. Between 2021 and 2031, Texas is expected to experience an in-
crease in enrollment (0.8%), along with 12 other states. During the same period, the District of Columbia
and 37 states are expected to have decreases in public school enrollment (NCES, n.d.-b).
Total enrollment in Texas public schools surpassed 5 million for the first time in 2012-13 and was
above 5.5 million in 2022-23. With the exception of the 2020-21 school year, between 1987-88 and
2022-23, enrollment in Texas public schools increased each year, with year-to-year change ranging from
a low of 0.6 percent to a high of 3.7 percent (Table 2 on page 6). In 2020-21, during the COVID-19
pandemic, statewide enrollment decreased from the previous year for the first time since TEA began
collecting enrollment data in the Public Education Information Management System (PEIMS). In subse-
quent years, statewide enrollment increased. Between 2021-22 and 2022-23, enrollment increased by
91,062 students, or 1.7 percent, exceeding pre-pandemic enrollment.
Between 1987-88 and 2022-23, the racial/ethnic composition of the student population served by
Texas public schools changed. In the 2001-02 school year, the number of Hispanic students surpassed
the number of White students for the first time (Texas Education Agency [TEA], 2003). Furthermore, be-
tween 2001-02 and 2022-23, the percentage of total enrollment represented by White students steadily
decreased, whereas the percentage of total enrollment represented by Hispanic students steadily increased,
with the exception of the 2021-22 school year, when the percentage decreased slightly (Table 4 on
page 8) (see also TEA, 2005). In addition, the percentages of total enrollment represented by Asian and
multiracial students steadily increased by 0.1 to 0.3 percentage points each year between the 2009-10
and 2022-23 school years (Table 4 on page 8) (see also TEA, 2020).
Each year between 2012-13 and 2022-23, the majority of students met the state criteria for economic
disadvantage (Figure 2 on page 10 and Table 7 on page 11). In the 2022-23 school year, 62.0 percent of
students were identified as economically disadvantaged. Under TEA guidelines, students were identified
as economically disadvantaged if they were eligible for free or reduced-price meals under the National
School Lunch and Child Nutrition Program (TEA, 2021).
6 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
• In the 2022-23 school year, 5,518,432 students were enrolled in Texas public schools, an increase of
91,062 students, or 1.7 percent, from the 2021-22 school year. With the increase in students between
2021-22 and 2022-23, enrollment was higher than it was before the COVID-19 pandemic began. Pre-
viously, enrollment in the 2020-21 school year had decreased from the 2019-20 school year, the first
decrease since TEA began collecting enrollment data in the Public Education Information Manage-
ment System (PEIMS).
• Over the 10-year period between 2012-13 and 2022-23, total enrollment in Texas public schools in-
creased by 442,592 students, or 8.7 percent (Table 3).
• Over the 34-year period between 1987-88 and 2022-23, total enrollment in Texas public schools in-
creased by 2,293,516 students, or 71.1 percent.
Table 2
Statewide Enrollment, Texas Public Schools, 1987-88 Through 2022-23
Year
Number
Annual change (%)
1987-88
3,224,916
–
1988-89
3,271,509
1.4
1989-90
3,316,785
1.4
1990-91
3,378,318
1.9
1991-92
3,460,378
2.4
1992-93
3,541,771
2.4
1993-94
3,672,198
3.7
1994-95
3,730,544
1.6
1995-96
3,799,032
1.8
1996-97
3,837,096
1.0
1997-98
3,900,488
1.7
1998-99
3,954,434
1.4
1999-00
4,002,227
1.2
2000-01
4,071,433
1.7
2001-02
4,160,968
2.2
2002-03
4,255,821
2.3
2003-04
4,328,028
1.7
2004-05
4,400,644
1.7
Year
Number
Annual change (%)
2005-06
4,521,043
2.7
2006-07
4,594,942
1.6
2007-08
4,671,493
1.7
2008-09
4,749,571
1.7
2009-10
4,847,844
2.1
2010-11
4,933,617
1.8
2011-12
4,998,579
1.3
2012-13
5,075,840
1.5
2013-14
5,151,925
1.5
2014-15
5,232,065
1.6
2015-16
5,299,728
1.3
2016-17
5,359,127
1.1
2017-18
5,399,682
0.8
2018-19
5,431,910
0.6
2019-20
5,493,940
1.1
2020-21
5,371,586
-2.2
2021-22
5,427,370
1.0
2022-23
5,518,432
1.7
Table 3
Change in Statewide Enrollment, Texas
Public Schools
Period
Number
Percent
10-year change,
2012-13 to 2022-23
442,592
8.7
35-year change,
1987-88 to 2022-23
2,293,516
71.1
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 7
Enrollment
by Race/Ethnicity
• Because rates for smaller groups can be less stable over time, discussions of results in this section are
restricted to the five largest racial/ethnic groups: African American, Asian, Hispanic, White, and mul-
tiracial. See the section "Reporting of Race/Ethnicity" on page 2 for additional information.
• Enrollment increased between the 2021-22 and 2022-23 school years for each of the five largest
racial/ethnic groups, except White students, whose enrollment fell by 11,001 students (0.8%)
(Figure 1 on this page and Table 4 on page 8). Hispanic students had the largest increase in enroll-
ment, increasing by 60,662 students, or 2.1 percent.
• The percentages of Texas public school enrollment accounted for by Asian, Hispanic, and multiracial
students increased between 2021-22 and 2022-23 (Table 4 on page 8). During the same period, the
percentage of enrollment accounted for by White students decreased and the percentage of enrollment
accounted for by African American students remained the same.
• In 2022-23, Hispanic students accounted for the largest percentage of total enrollment (52.9%), fol-
lowed by White (25.7%), African American (12.8%), Asian (5.1%), and multiracial (3.0%) students.
• Between 2012-13 and 2022-23, Hispanic enrollment increased by 315,290 students (12.1%). White
students, whose enrollment fell by 105,311 students, or 6.9 percent, over the same period, had the
only decrease in enrollment.
Figure 1
Enrollment by Race/Ethnicity, Texas Public Schools, 2012-13 Through 2022-23
8 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Table 4
Enrollment by Race/Ethnicity, Texas Public Schools, 2012-13 Through 2022-23
Year
African
American
(N)
African
American
(%)
American
Indian
(N)
American
Indian
(%)
Asian
(N)
Asian
(%)
Hispanic
(N)
Hispanic
(%)
2012-13
646,182
12.7
21,795
0.4
183,789
3.6
2,606,126
51.3
2013-14
652,719
12.7
20,225
0.4
189,906
3.7
2,668,315
51.8
2014-15
660,952
12.6
21,480
0.4
202,229
3.9
2,722,272
52.0
2015-16
668,338
12.6
20,917
0.4
213,394
4.0
2,767,747
52.2
2016-17
674,718
12.6
20,767
0.4
225,294
4.2
2,809,386
52.4
2017-18
680,777
12.6
20,586
0.4
235,491
4.4
2,827,847
52.4
2018-19
685,775
12.6
20,414
0.4
242,657
4.5
2,854,590
52.6
2019-20
692,925
12.6
20,062
0.4
250,463
4.6
2,899,504
52.8
2020-21
681,401
12.7
18,755
0.3
254,163
4.7
2,840,982
52.9
2021-22
694,302
12.8
18,028
0.3
261,788
4.8
2,860,754
52.7
2022-23
706,775
12.8
17,976
0.3
280,742
5.1
2,921,416
52.9
10-year
change
60,593
9.4
-3,819
-17.5
96,953
52.8
315,290
12.1
Year
Pacific
Islander
(N)
Pacific
Islander
(%)
White
(N)
White
(%)
Multiracial
(N)
Multiracial
(%)
2012-13
6,644
0.1
1,521,551
30.0
89,753
1.8
2013-14
6,801
0.1
1,517,293
29.5
96,666
1.9
2014-15
7,112
0.1
1,515,553
29.0
102,467
2.0
2015-16
7,406
0.1
1,513,027
28.5
108,899
2.1
2016-17
7,700
0.1
1,505,355
28.1
115,907
2.2
2017-18
8,026
0.1
1,504,515
27.9
122,440
2.3
2018-19
8,271
0.2
1,490,299
27.4
129,904
2.4
2019-20
8,481
0.2
1,483,688
27.0
138,817
2.5
2020-21
8,271
0.2
1,424,251
26.5
143,763
2.7
2021-22
8,477
0.2
1,427,241
26.3
156,780
2.9
2022-23
8,718
0.2
1,416,240
25.7
166,565
3.0
10-year
change
2,074
31.2
-105,311
-6.9
76,812
85.6
Note. Parts may not add to 100 percent because of rounding.
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 9
Table 5
Hispanic Students by Race, Texas Public Schools, 2021-22 and 2022-23
Group
2021-22
(N)
2021-22
(%)
2022-23
(N)
2022-23
(%)
African American
82,303
2.9
89,445
3.1
American Indian
347,002
12.1
318,374
10.9
Asian
14,509
0.5
15,211
0.5
Pacific Islander
11,262
0.4
12,345
0.4
White
2,321,659
81.2
2,395,735
82.0
Multiracial
84,019
2.9
90,306
3.1
All Hispanic
2,860,754
100
2,921,416
100
Note. Parts may not add to 100 percent because of rounding.
Table 6
Non-Hispanic Multiracial Students by Most Common Racial Combinations,
Texas Public Schools, 2021-22 and 2022-23
Group
2021-22
(N)
2021-22
(%)
2022-23
(N)
2022-23
(%)
White and African American
74,939
47.8
79,634
47.8
White and Asian
36,437
23.2
39,123
23.5
White and American Indian
14,299
9.1
14,780
8.9
All multiracial
156,780
100
166,565
100
Note. Numbers for race do not sum to the "All multiracial" total because all possible racial combinations are not pre-
sented.
10 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Enrollment
by Economically Disadvantaged Status
• Between 2021-22 and 2022-23, the number of students identified as economically disadvantaged in-
creased by 131,797, or 4.0 percent. The overall percentage of students identified as economically dis-
advantaged increased slightly to 62.0 percent.
• The percentage of students identified as economically disadvantaged in 2022-23 (62.0%) was higher
than the percentage identified in 2012-13 (60.3%) (Figure 2 on this page and Table 7 on page 11).
• Between 2012-13 and 2022-23, the percentage increase in the number of students identified as eco-
nomically disadvantaged was greater than the percentage increase in the student population overall.
The number of students identified as economically disadvantaged rose by 362,323, or 11.8 percent,
whereas the total public school population rose by 442,592, or 8.7 percent (Table 7 on page 11 and
Table 3 on page 6).
Figure 2
Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged Students, Texas Public Schools, 2012-13
Through 2022-23
0
20
40
60
80
100
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23
Enrollment (%)
School Year
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 11
Table 7
Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged
Students, Texas Public Schools, 2012-13
Through 2022-23
Year
Number
Percent
2012-13
3,058,894
60.3
2013-14
3,096,050
60.1
2014-15
3,073,300
58.7
2015-16
3,122,903
58.9
2016-17
3,159,327
59.0
2017-18
3,168,294
58.7
2018-19
3,289,468
60.6
2019-20
3,309,610
60.2
2020-21
3,233,417
60.2
2021-22
3,289,420
60.6
2022-23
3,421,217
62.0
10-year change
362,323
11.8
12 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Enrollment
by Economically Disadvantaged Status and Race/Ethnicity
• Because rates for smaller groups can be less stable over time, discussions of results in this section are
restricted to the five largest racial/ethnic groups: African American, Asian, Hispanic, White, and mul-
tiracial. See the section "Reporting of Race/Ethnicity" on page 2 for additional information.
• Between 2021-22 and 2022-23, the percentages of students identified as economically disadvantaged
increased for all of the five largest racial/ethnic groups, except Asian students (Figure 3 on this page
and Table 8 on page 13).
• The percentages of individual group enrollment accounted for by students identified as economically
disadvantaged were larger for Hispanic (77.0%) and African American (75.6%) students than for
multiracial (47.8%), White (32.6%), and Asian (28.6%) students in 2022-23 (Table 8 on page 13).
• In 2022-23, Hispanic students accounted for the largest percentage of all students in Texas public
schools. The majority of Hispanic students were identified as economically disadvantaged (Table 8
on page 13 and Table 4 on page 8). Between 2012-13 and 2022-23, the percentage increase in enroll-
ment of Hispanic students identified as economically disadvantaged (10.6%) was lower than the per-
centage increase in enrollment of Hispanic students overall (12.1%).
Figure 3
Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged Students Within Racial/Ethnic Groups, Texas Public
Schools, 2012-13 Through 2022-23
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23
Economically Disadvantaged
Enrollment (%)
School Year
African American Asian Hispanic White
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 13
Table 8
Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged Students Within Racial/Ethnic Groups, Texas Public
Schools, 2012-13 Through 2022-23
Year
African
American
(N)
African
American
(%)
American
Indian
(N)
American
Indian
(%)
Asian
(N)
Asian
(%)
Hispanic
(N)
Hispanic
(%)
2012-13
473,675
73.3
12,376
56.8
58,268
31.7
2,034,063
78.0
2013-14
477,414
73.1
11,459
56.7
57,678
30.4
2,073,605
77.7
2014-15
472,327
71.5
12,145
56.5
59,135
29.2
2,062,173
75.8
2015-16
477,285
71.4
12,049
57.6
60,833
28.5
2,099,075
75.8
2016-17
481,352
71.3
11,962
57.6
62,632
27.8
2,124,915
75.6
2017-18
488,173
71.7
11,713
56.9
63,261
26.9
2,110,156
74.6
2018-19
507,377
74.0
12,179
59.7
71,000
29.3
2,177,088
76.3
2019-20
513,425
74.1
12,082
60.2
70,307
28.1
2,195,190
75.7
2020-21
501,758
73.6
11,273
60.1
71,537
28.1
2,140,157
75.3
2021-22
512,679
73.8
10,907
60.5
75,540
28.9
2,159,039
75.5
2022-23
533,981
75.6
11,027
61.3
80,375
28.6
2,249,397
77.0
10-year
change
60,306
12.7
-1,349
-10.9
22,107
37.9
215,334
10.6
Year
Pacific
Islander
(N)
Pacific
Islander
(%)
White
(N)
White
(%)
Multiracial
(N)
Multiracial
(%)
2012-13
3,753
56.5
437,598
28.8
39,161
43.6
2013-14
3,828
56.3
429,647
28.3
42,419
43.9
2014-15
4,013
56.4
419,497
27.7
44,010
43.0
2015-16
4,207
56.8
422,620
27.9
46,834
43.0
2016-17
4,371
56.8
424,417
28.2
49,678
42.9
2017-18
4,587
57.2
437,376
29.1
53,028
43.3
2018-19
4,926
59.6
457,747
30.7
59,151
45.5
2019-20
5,102
60.2
450,570
30.4
62,934
45.3
2020-21
4,727
57.2
438,826
30.8
65,139
45.3
2021-22
5,088
60.0
452,971
31.7
73,196
46.7
2022-23
5,388
61.8
461,423
32.6
79,626
47.8
10-year
change
1,635
43.6
23,825
5.4
40,465
103.3
Note. Parts may not add to 100 percent because of rounding.
14 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Enrollment
by Gender
• In the 2022-23 school year, 51.2 percent of all students were male, and 48.8 percent of students were
female (Table 9). Although male and female enrollment increased over the 10-year period (by 8.4%
and 9.1%, respectively), the proportions of males and females in Texas public schools remained sta-
ble between 2012-13 and 2022-23.
Table 9
Enrollment by Gender, Texas Public Schools, 2012-13 Through 2022-23
Year
Female
(N)
Female
(%)
Male
(N)
Male
(%)
2012-13
2,469,727
48.7
2,606,113
51.3
2013-14
2,507,338
48.7
2,644,587
51.3
2014-15
2,547,902
48.7
2,684,163
51.3
2015-16
2,580,992
48.7
2,718,736
51.3
2016-17
2,610,531
48.7
2,748,596
51.3
2017-18
2,630,684
48.7
2,768,998
51.3
2018-19
2,647,524
48.7
2,784,386
51.3
2019-20
2,678,619
48.8
2,815,321
51.2
2020-21
2,624,722
48.9
2,746,864
51.1
2021-22
2,650,563
48.8
2,776,807
51.2
2022-23
2,693,780
48.8
2,824,652
51.2
10-year change
224,053
9.1
218,539
8.4
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 15
Enrollment by Grade
In Texas, children are required to attend school beginning at age six (Texas Education Code [TEC]
§25.085, 2022). A child younger than six years of age must attend school if he or she has previously been
enrolled in first grade. All children who are five years old on or before September 1 are eligible, but not
required, to attend kindergarten (TEC §29.151, 2022). With a few exceptions, such as receiving a high
school diploma or high school equivalency certificate, children must attend school until they reach the age
of 19 (TEC §§25.085 and 25.086, 2022). Students through age 25 may be admitted by school districts to
complete the requirements for a high school diploma (TEC §25.001, 2022). Additionally, an adult high
school and industry certification charter school program allows students who are at least 18 years of age
and no more than 50 years of age to complete: (a) a high school program that can lead to a diploma and
(b) career and technology education courses that can lead to industry certification (TEC §29.259, 2022).
Student learning during the early education and prekindergarten years is linked to future academic
accomplishments, particularly for children identified as emergent bilingual students/English learners,
disabled, or economically disadvantaged (National Research Council, 2001). In early education and pre-
kindergarten programs, children develop skills necessary for success in the regular public school curricu-
lum in the areas of language, mathematics, and social skills. Early education in Texas is a diverse set of
programs designed for children who meet certain eligibility criteria. For example, Early Childhood Inter-
vention is a coordinated system of services for children from birth to age three with disabilities, develop-
mental delays, or certain medical diagnoses (Texas Health and Human Services, n.d.). Texas public
school districts are required to offer free full-day prekindergarten to eligible children at least four years
of age and may offer free half-day prekindergarten to eligible children under the age of four. A child is
eligible for free prekindergarten if the child (a) is unable to speak and comprehend English; (b) is educa-
tionally disadvantaged; (c) is homeless; (d) is the child of an active duty member of the U.S. armed
forces; (e) is the child of a member of the U.S. armed forces who was injured or killed while serving on
active duty; (f) is or has ever been in the conservatorship of the Department of Family and Protective Ser-
vices; (g) is or has ever been in foster care in another state or territory and currently resides in Texas; or
(h) is the child of a person eligible for the Star of Texas Award (TEC §29.153, 2022).
A variety of factors affect enrollment trends at all grade levels, including grade-level retention,
migration into the state, and decisions about private and home schooling. Funding for early childhood
and kindergarten programs affects enrollment trends in the elementary grades, whereas student decisions
to graduate early, transfer into high school equivalency programs, or drop out of school affect enrollment
trends in the secondary grades.
16 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
• Between 2021-22 and 2022-23, although overall enrollment increased, enrollment only increased for
some grades (Figure 4 on this page and Table 10 on page 17). Across Grades K-6, all grades except
kindergarten and Grade 6 had increases in enrollment. Across Grades 7-12, enrollment increased in
Grades 8, 9, 10, and 12. Across Grades K-12, Grade 10 had the largest increase in enrollment (6.9%)
while Grade 7 had the largest decrease (2.2%).
• Prekindergarten enrollment is reported separately for three-year-old and four-year-old programs. En-
rollment for both programs increased between 2021-22 and 2022-23.
• Across Grades K-12 in 2022-23, the percentages of total enrollment accounted for by grade ranged
from a low of 6.6 percent in Grade 12 to a high of 8.7 percent in Grade 9 (Table 10 on page 17).
• In 2022-23, across Grades K-12, Grade 9 had the highest enrollment, at 478,101 students, followed
by Grade 10, at 437,002 students. Grade 12 had the lowest enrollment, at 366,512 students.
Figure 4
Enrollment by Grade, Texas Public Schools, 2021-22 and 2022-23
Note. EE=Early education. PK=Prekindergarten.
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
500,000
EE PK 3 PK 4 K 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Enrollment
Grade
2021-22 2022-23
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 17
Table 10
Enrollment by Grade, Texas Public Schools, 2021-22 and 2022-23
Grade
2021-22
(N)
2021-22
(%)
2022-23
(N)
2022-23
(%)
Early education
21,375
0.4
25,110
0.5
Prekindergarten – Age 3
34,259
0.6
40,535
0.7
Prekindergarten – Age 4
189,474
3.5
203,749
3.7
Kindergarten
371,502
6.8
367,633
6.7
Grade 1
386,232
7.1
399,419
7.2
Grade 2
383,838
7.1
395,969
7.2
Grade 3
384,872
7.1
393,871
7.1
Grade 4
386,011
7.1
394,020
7.1
Grade 5
389,971
7.2
395,384
7.2
Grade 6
400,447
7.4
399,557
7.2
Grade 7
418,788
7.7
409,566
7.4
Grade 8
424,544
7.8
425,758
7.7
Grade 9
475,746
8.8
478,101
8.7
Grade 10
408,700
7.5
437,002
7.9
Grade 11
389,454
7.2
386,246
7.0
Grade 12
362,157
6.7
366,512
6.6
All grades
5,427,370
100
5,518,432
100
Note. Parts may not add to 100 percent because of rounding.
18 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Enrollment
by Grade and Age
• In 2022-23, the majority of students in Grades 9-12 were within the expected age ranges for their
grades (Figure 5 and Table 11).
• A total of 397 students in Grades 9-12 were between 22 and 25 years old. Of these, 35.0 percent were
in Grade 12.
Figure 5
Enrollment of Students in Grades 9-12 by Age, Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Table 11
Enrollment of Students in Grades 9-12 by Age, Texas Public Schools,
2022-23
Age in Years
Grade 9
Grade 10
Grade 11
Grade 12
12 to 13
6,670
64
6
5
14
362,156
a
7,392
108
11
15
84,918
333,518
8,093
161
16
18,155
77,802
303,753
9,232
17
4,760
14,596
63,889
293,759
18
794
2,760
8,478
52,456
19 to 21
254
576
1,647
10,706
22 to 25
80
82
96
139
Note. Some students enrolled in Grades 9-12 were outside the age ranges shown. As a result, grade-level enrollment
totals are slightly lower than those in Table 10 on page 17.
a
Enrollment counts for students within the expected age range for each grade are shown in bold.
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
12 to 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 to 21 22 to 25
Enrollment
Age in Years
Grade 9 Grade 10 Grade 11 Grade 12
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 19
Enrollment
by Grade and Race/Ethnicity
• Because rates for smaller groups can be less stable over time, discussions of results in this section are
restricted to the five largest racial/ethnic groups: African American, Asian, Hispanic, White, and mul-
tiracial. See the section "Reporting of Race/Ethnicity" on page 2 for additional information.
• In the 2022-23 school year, in each of Grades K-12, Hispanic students accounted for the largest
proportion of enrollment, followed by White, African American, Asian, and multiracial students
(Figure 6 on this page and Table 12 on page 20).
• Prekindergarten classes are designed to serve children three years of age and older who have specified
educational disadvantages, including being unable to speak and comprehend English. Hispanic stu-
dents, who made up 52.9 percent of total enrollment in the 2022-23 school year, made up 66.6 percent
of three-year-old prekindergarten students, and 61.0 percent of four-year-old prekindergarten students
(Table 4 on page 8, Figure 6 on this page, and Table 12 on page 20). In contrast, White students, who
made up 25.7 percent of total enrollment, made up 9.6 percent of three-year-old prekindergarten stu-
dents, and 15.9 percent of four-year-old prekindergarten students.
Figure 6
Enrollment by Grade and Race/Ethnicity, Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Note. EE=Early education. PK=Prekindergarten.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
EE PK 3 PK 4 K 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Enrollment (%)
Grade
African American Asian Hispanic White
20 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Table 12
Enrollment by Grade and Race/Ethnicity, Texas Public Schools, 2021-22 and 2022-23
Grade
African
American
(N)
African
American
(%)
American
Indian
(N)
American
Indian
(%)
Asian
(N)
Asian
(%)
Hispanic
(N)
Hispanic
(%)
2021-22
Early education
2,882
13.5
75
0.4
993
4.6
9,633
45.1
Prekindergarten – Age 3
7,405
21.6
128
0.4
793
2.3
21,437
62.6
Prekindergarten – Age 4
28,666
15.1
564
0.3
8,035
4.2
115,862
61.1
Kindergarten
45,707
12.3
995
0.3
17,660
4.8
192,260
51.8
Grade 1
48,708
12.6
1,244
0.3
18,477
4.8
201,557
52.2
Grade 2
47,963
12.5
1,178
0.3
19,230
5.0
199,368
51.9
Grade 3
48,324
12.6
1,196
0.3
19,903
5.2
199,574
51.9
Grade 4
48,679
12.6
1,264
0.3
20,142
5.2
199,828
51.8
Grade 5
49,849
12.8
1,240
0.3
19,592
5.0
203,234
52.1
Grade 6
51,027
12.7
1,806
0.5
19,806
4.9
208,109
52.0
Grade 7
53,624
12.8
1,604
0.4
19,620
4.7
221,795
53.0
Grade 8
54,012
12.7
1,439
0.3
20,204
4.8
224,816
53.0
Grade 9
62,744
13.2
1,579
0.3
20,193
4.2
258,593
54.4
Grade 10
51,970
12.7
1,367
0.3
19,191
4.7
215,376
52.7
Grade 11
48,743
12.5
1,222
0.3
19,028
4.9
203,037
52.1
Grade 12
43,999
12.1
1,127
0.3
18,921
5.2
186,275
51.4
All grades
694,302
12.8
18,028
0.3
261,788
4.8
2,860,754
52.7
2022-23
Early education
3,426
13.6
125
0.5
1,278
5.1
11,540
46.0
Prekindergarten – Age 3
7,773
19.2
97
0.2
825
2.0
27,001
66.6
Prekindergarten – Age 4
30,384
14.9
690
0.3
9,703
4.8
124,312
61.0
Kindergarten
46,321
12.6
1,095
0.3
19,050
5.2
192,443
52.3
Grade 1
49,813
12.5
1,061
0.3
20,453
5.1
208,997
52.3
Grade 2
50,040
12.6
1,216
0.3
20,509
5.2
207,198
52.3
Grade 3
49,402
12.5
1,182
0.3
21,138
5.4
204,631
52.0
Grade 4
49,512
12.6
1,205
0.3
21,754
5.5
204,716
52.0
Grade 5
49,899
12.6
1,245
0.3
21,634
5.5
205,453
52.0
Grade 6
51,204
12.8
1,259
0.3
21,069
5.3
209,177
52.4
Grade 7
52,155
12.7
1,818
0.4
21,011
5.1
214,254
52.3
Grade 8
54,652
12.8
1,622
0.4
20,803
4.9
226,321
53.2
Grade 9
62,762
13.1
1,567
0.3
22,182
4.6
259,769
54.3
Grade 10
56,131
12.8
1,438
0.3
20,606
4.7
233,823
53.5
Grade 11
48,500
12.6
1,226
0.3
19,457
5.0
202,190
52.3
Grade 12
44,801
12.2
1,130
0.3
19,270
5.3
189,591
51.7
All grades
706,775
12.8
17,976
0.3
280,742
5.1
2,921,416
52.9
Note. Parts may not add to 100 percent because of rounding.
continues
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 21
Table 12 (continued)
Enrollment by Grade and Race/Ethnicity, Texas Public Schools, 2021-22 and
2022-23
Grade
Pacific
Islander
(N)
Pacific
Islander
(%)
White
(N)
White
(%)
Multiracial
(N)
Multiracial
(%)
2021-22
Early education
27
0.1
6,951
32.5
814
3.8
Prekindergarten – Age 3
32
0.1
3,680
10.7
784
2.3
Prekindergarten – Age 4
220
0.1
30,659
16.2
5,468
2.9
Kindergarten
540
0.1
100,670
27.1
13,670
3.7
Grade 1
599
0.2
102,391
26.5
13,256
3.4
Grade 2
583
0.2
102,942
26.8
12,574
3.3
Grade 3
659
0.2
103,163
26.8
12,053
3.1
Grade 4
645
0.2
103,939
26.9
11,514
3.0
Grade 5
672
0.2
103,855
26.6
11,529
3.0
Grade 6
653
0.2
106,907
26.7
12,139
3.0
Grade 7
680
0.2
109,986
26.3
11,479
2.7
Grade 8
633
0.1
112,092
26.4
11,348
2.7
Grade 9
758
0.2
119,795
25.2
12,084
2.5
Grade 10
648
0.2
110,025
26.9
10,123
2.5
Grade 11
575
0.1
107,403
27.6
9,446
2.4
Grade 12
553
0.2
102,783
28.4
8,499
2.3
All grades
8,477
0.2
1,427,241
26.3
156,780
2.9
2022-23
Early education
36
0.1
7,762
30.9
943
3.8
Prekindergarten – Age 3
36
0.1
3,899
9.6
904
2.2
Prekindergarten – Age 4
236
0.1
32,303
15.9
6,121
3.0
Kindergarten
550
0.1
94,401
25.7
13,773
3.7
Grade 1
584
0.1
104,009
26.0
14,502
3.6
Grade 2
630
0.2
102,566
25.9
13,810
3.5
Grade 3
633
0.2
103,796
26.4
13,089
3.3
Grade 4
671
0.2
103,704
26.3
12,458
3.2
Grade 5
669
0.2
104,394
26.4
12,090
3.1
Grade 6
690
0.2
104,086
26.1
12,072
3.0
Grade 7
719
0.2
107,535
26.3
12,074
2.9
Grade 8
705
0.2
109,800
25.8
11,855
2.8
Grade 9
713
0.1
118,410
24.8
12,698
2.7
Grade 10
689
0.2
112,954
25.8
11,361
2.6
Grade 11
603
0.2
104,476
27.0
9,794
2.5
Grade 12
554
0.2
102,145
27.9
9,021
2.5
All grades
8,718
0.2
1,416,240
25.7
166,565
3.0
Note. Parts may not add to 100 percent because of rounding.
22 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Enrollment
by Grade and Economically Disadvantaged Status
• In the 2022-23 school year, the percentages of students identified as economically disadvantaged in
Grades K-12 ranged from 52.6 percent of students in Grade 12 to 64.3 percent of students in kinder-
garten (Figure 7 on this page and Table 13 on page 23).
Figure 7
Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged Students Within Grades, Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Note. EE=Early education. PK=Prekindergarten.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
EE PK 3 PK 4 K 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Economically Disadvantaged
Enrollment (%)
Grade
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 23
Table 13
Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged Students Within Grades, Texas
Public Schools, 2021-22 and 2022-23
Grade
2021-22
(N)
2021-22
(%)
2022-23
(N)
2022-23
(%)
Early education
10,471
49.0
12,580
50.1
Prekindergarten – Age 3
30,123
87.9
35,886
88.5
Prekindergarten – Age 4
156,642
82.7
168,585
82.7
Kindergarten
231,893
62.4
236,493
64.3
Grade 1
245,373
63.5
256,601
64.2
Grade 2
239,831
62.5
253,368
64.0
Grade 3
238,235
61.9
248,404
63.1
Grade 4
237,304
61.5
246,987
62.7
Grade 5
238,087
61.1
246,203
62.3
Grade 6
242,795
60.6
247,606
62.0
Grade 7
253,721
60.6
252,150
61.6
Grade 8
253,852
59.8
261,274
61.4
Grade 9
285,940
60.1
295,316
61.8
Grade 10
228,895
56.0
255,003
58.4
Grade 11
210,007
53.9
211,927
54.9
Grade 12
186,251
51.4
192,834
52.6
All grades
3,289,420
60.6
3,421,217
62.0
24 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Enrollment for Instructional Programs, Nontraditional
School Models, and Special Populations
Texas public schools offer instructional programs designed to meet students' needs. Not all students
are enrolled in one of these programs, and some students are enrolled in more than one. Gifted and tal-
ented programs offer eligible students a continuum of learning experiences that leads to advanced accom-
plishments. Special education offers instructional and related services for eligible students with cognitive,
physical, and/or emotional disabilities who meet the criteria under the Individuals with Disabilities Edu-
cation Act (IDEA) (Title 20 of the United States Code [U.S.C.] §1400, 2023; Title 34 of the Code of Fed-
eral Regulations [C.F.R.], Part 300, 2023). Students with disabilities who do not meet the IDEA criteria
may qualify to receive educational accommodations or services under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation
Act of 1973, as amended (29 U.S.C. §794, 2023; 34 C.F.R. Part 104, 2023). Students identified as emer-
gent bilingual students/English learners (EB students/ELs), who do not speak English as their primary
language and have a limited ability to read, speak, write, or understand English, may participate in bilin-
gual or English as a second language (ESL) programs. There are four state-approved bilingual instruc-
tional program models and two state-approved ESL instructional program models that districts can
implement (Title 19 of the Texas Administrative Code [TAC] §89.1210, 2023, amended to be effective
April 14, 2020). A school district that is unable to provide a state-approved bilingual or ESL program be-
cause of an insufficient number of appropriately certified teachers must request from the commissioner of
education an exception to the bilingual education program or a waiver for the ESL program and approval
of an alternative language program (19 TAC §89.1207, 2023, amended to be effective April 14, 2020).
Beginning with the 2019-20 school year, districts were required to submit data through the Texas Student
Data System specifying whether students receiving bilingual or ESL services received them through
state-approved programs or through alternative language programs. Although most students who receive
bilingual or ESL services are EB students/ELs, native English speakers may also participate in these pro-
grams.
Title I is the largest federal aid program for elementary and secondary schools. The goal of Title I is
to improve teaching and learning for students attending schools with high percentages of economically
disadvantaged students, particularly those students most at risk of not meeting the state's academic
achievement standards. Students are counted as participating in Title I programs if they are provided
Title I, Part A services at non-Title I-funded campuses, are participating in Title I-funded programs, or
are enrolled in campuses that receive school-wide Title I assistance.
Students identified as at risk of dropping out of school are under age 26 and meet one or more speci-
fied criteria, including not advancing from one grade level to the next for one or more school years, being
pregnant or a parent, or being a student of limited English proficiency. Students with dyslexia are identi-
fied as having dyslexia or a related disorder under TEC §38.003. Students identified as in foster care are
currently under the conservatorship of the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, are in
prekindergarten and have previously been in the conservatorship of the Department of Family and Protec-
tive Services, or are in prekindergarten and are or have ever been in foster care in another state or territory
and currently reside in Texas. Students identified as homeless are those who lack a fixed, regular, and ad-
equate nighttime residence. In 2017-18, the number of homeless students increased substantially, as over
46,000 students identified as homeless were affected by hurricanes. Students identified as immigrants are
between 3 and 21 years old, have not been attending school in the United States for more than three full
academic years, and were not born in any state in the United States, Puerto Rico, or the District of Colum-
bia. U.S. citizenship is not a factor when identifying students as immigrants for the purpose of public
school enrollment data collection. A student identified as a migrant is one who: (a) is aged 3 through 21;
(b) is (or whose parent, spouse, or guardian is) a migratory agricultural worker; and (c) in the preceding
36 months, to obtain temporary employment in agriculture or fishing, or to accompany a parent, spouse,
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 25
or guardian to obtain such employment: (1) has moved from one school district to another; or (2) resides
in a school district of more than 15,000 square miles and migrates a distance of 20 miles or more to a tem-
porary residence to engage in a fishing activity. A student identified as military-connected is a dependent
of an active duty or former member of the United States military, the Texas National Guard, or a reserve
force of the United States military, or who is a dependent of a member of the United States military, the
Texas National Guard, or a reserve force of the United States military who was killed in the line of duty.
Students in Texas can enroll in schools implementing nontraditional school models, including state-
authorized and district-authorized charter school campuses and Texas College and Career Readiness
School Models (CCRSM) campuses. State-authorized charter schools, previously referred to as open-
enrollment charter schools and discussed later in this report, and district-authorized charter school cam-
puses, previously referred to as in-district charter school campuses, are intended to promote local initia-
tive and capitalize on creative approaches to meet the educational needs of students. State-authorized
charter schools and district-authorized charter school campuses are exempt from many of the laws
governing traditional school models (TEC §12.001, 2022). A school district can convert a campus to a
charter school campus to have additional flexibility granted to state-authorized charter schools; however,
district-authorized charter school campuses remain under the authority of the local school board and,
therefore, are subject to more requirements than state-authorized charter schools. District-authorized char-
ter school campuses, like traditional campuses in a district but unlike state-authorized charter school cam-
puses, must give priority to students within their attendance zones. In addition, district-authorized charter
school campuses are subject to teacher-certification requirements and class-size limits, among other re-
quirements that do not apply to state-authorized charter schools.
The Texas CCRSM network, made up of Early College High Schools (ECHS), Texas Science,
Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (T-STEM), and Pathways in Technology Early College High
Schools (P-TECH), are open-enrollment programs that blend high school and college coursework to help
historically underserved and at-risk students develop technical skills, earn college credentials and degrees,
and pursue in-demand career paths. ECHS are innovative high schools (214 campuses) that allow students
least likely to attend college an opportunity to earn a high school diploma and either an associate's degree
or at least 60 college credit hours toward a baccalaureate degree. T-STEM Academies (30 middle school
campuses and 89 high school campuses) are rigorous secondary schools focused on improving instruction
and academic performance in science- and mathematics-related subjects and increasing the number of
students who study and enter STEM careers. P-TECH (173 campuses) is an open-enrollment program that
provides students an opportunity to receive a high school diploma and a credential and/or an associate's
degree through a focus on work-based education.
26 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
• In the 2022-23 school year, 53.3 percent of students were identified as at risk of dropping out of
school compared to 53.5 percent in 2021-22 (Table 14 on page 27).
• The number of students identified as EB students/ELs increased by 405,851, or 46.9 percent, between
2012-13 and 2022-23. In the 2022-23 school year, 23.0 percent of students were identified as EB stu-
dents/ELs, compared to 17.0 percent in 2012-13.
• Between 2021-22 and 2022-23, the number of students with dyslexia increased by 11.7 percent, or
31,649 students.
• The percentage of students served in special education programs increased from 11.7 percent in
2021-22 to 12.7 percent in 2022-23 (Figure 8 on this page and Table 14 on page 27). The percentage
of students receiving Section 504 services remained the same during the same period.
• Between 2017-18 and 2021-22, the number of students identified as career and technical education
(CTE) concentrators increased by 185,844, or 37.6 percent (Table 15 on page 29).
• In 2022-23, 79.2 percent of EB students/ELs participated in state-approved bilingual or ESL instruc-
tional program models, and 16.7 percent of EB students/ELs participated in alternative bilingual or
ESL language programs (Table 16 on page 30). ESL/pull-out (36.6%) and dual immersion/one-way
(14.5%) were the most common special language program instructional models among EB students/
ELs receiving bilingual or ESL services.
Figure 8
Enrollment in Instructional Programs, Texas Public Schools, 2012-13 Through 2022-23
Note. Students may be counted in more than one category. ESL=English as a second language. Beginning with the 2019-20 school year, bilingual/ESL program
data reflect the percentage of students who were reported as participating in state-approved instructional program models or alternative language programs.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23
Enrollment (%)
School Year
Bilingual/ESL Gifted and talented Section 504 Special education Title I
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 27
Table 14
Enrollment for Instructional Programs and Special Populations, Texas Public Schools, 2012-13
Through 2022-23
Year
At-risk
(N)
At-risk
(%)
Bilingual/
ESL
a,b
(N)
Bilingual/
ESL
(%)
Dyslexia
(N)
Dyslexia
(%)
EB/EL
c
(N)
EB/EL
(%)
2012-13
2,264,815
44.6
840,724
16.6
n/a
d
n/a
864,682
17.0
2013-14
2,566,623
49.8
879,226
17.1
108,948
2.1
900,476
17.5
2014-15
2,673,039
51.1
931,376
17.8
125,741
2.4
949,074
18.1
2015-16
2,649,069
50.0
969,135
18.3
141,033
2.7
980,487
18.5
2016-17
2,689,018
50.2
1,005,765
18.8
154,399
2.9
1,010,756
18.9
2017-18
2,739,303
50.7
1,015,972
18.8
169,043
3.1
1,015,372
18.8
2018-19
2,716,665
50.0
1,066,640
19.6
194,214
3.6
1,055,172
19.4
2019-20
2,776,481
50.5
1,129,558
20.6
224,741
4.1
1,113,536
20.3
2020-21
2,636,849
49.1
1,124,413
20.9
241,197
4.5
1,108,883
20.6
2021-22
2,901,015
53.5
1,185,511
21.8
270,966
5.0
1,175,333
21.7
2022-23
2,938,753
53.3
1,279,697
23.2
302,615
5.5
1,270,533
23.0
10-year
change
673,938
29.8
438,973
52.2
n/a
n/a
405,851
46.9
Year
Foster
care
(N)
Foster
care
(%)
Gifted and
talented
(N)
Gifted and
talented
(%)
Homeless
(N)
Homeless
(%)
Immigrant
(N)
Immigrant
(%)
2012-13
n/a
n/a
387,623
7.6
58,074
1.1
70,320
1.4
2013-14
11,494
0.2
391,982
7.6
62,814
1.2
72,085
1.4
2014-15
13,695
0.3
397,209
7.6
66,318
1.3
85,108
1.6
2015-16
14,319
0.3
404,646
7.6
68,757
1.3
92,700
1.7
2016-17
14,685
0.3
415,699
7.8
69,213
1.3
106,714
2.0
2017-18
16,233
0.3
427,021
7.9
111,931
2.1
108,055
2.0
2018-19
16,867
0.3
436,442
8.0
72,782
1.3
107,133
2.0
2019-20
17,451
0.3
444,196
8.1
78,296
1.4
126,858
2.3
2020-21
17,090
0.3
443,849
8.3
57,811
1.1
108,092
2.0
2021-22
15,409
0.3
435,356
8.0
61,687
1.1
108,787
2.0
2022-23
13,453
0.2
453,689
8.2
72,654
1.3
122,504
2.2
10-year
change
n/a
n/a
66,066
17.0
14,580
25.1
52,184
74.2
Note. Students may be counted in more than one category.
a
English as a second language.
b
Beginning with the 2019-20 school year, bilingual/ESL program data reflect the number and percentage of students who
were reported as participating in state-approved instructional program models or alternative language programs.
c
Emergent bilingual student/English learner.
d
Not available.
continues
28 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Table 14 (continued)
Enrollment for Instructional Programs and Special Populations, Texas Public Schools, 2012-13
Through 2022-23
Year
Migrant
(N)
Migrant
(%)
Military-
connected
(N)
Military-
connected
(%)
Section
504
(N)
Section
504
(%)
Special
education
(N)
Special
education
(%)
2012-13
35,106
0.7
n/a
d
n/a
n/a
n/a
440,570
8.7
2013-14
33,313
0.6
72,607
1.4
n/a
n/a
443,834
8.6
2014-15
31,250
0.6
83,284
1.6
n/a
n/a
451,606
8.6
2015-16
28,632
0.5
87,034
1.6
n/a
n/a
463,185
8.7
2016-17
22,407
0.4
89,060
1.7
n/a
n/a
477,281
8.9
2017-18
20,577
0.4
87,776
1.6
n/a
n/a
498,320
9.2
2018-19
19,162
0.4
89,736
1.7
354,667
6.5
531,991
9.8
2019-20
18,992
0.3
105,787
1.9
376,956
6.9
587,987
10.7
2020-21
16,733
0.3
144,683
2.7
387,622
7.2
605,043
11.3
2021-22
14,426
0.3
176,554
3.3
401,648
7.4
635,097
11.7
2022-23
13,810
0.3
199,325
3.6
407,904
7.4
702,785
12.7
10-year
change
-21,296
-60.7
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
262,215
59.5
Year
Title I
(N)
Title I
(%)
State
(N)
State
(%)
2012-13
3,311,160
65.2
5,075,840
100
2013-14
3,326,678
64.6
5,151,925
100
2014-15
3,402,309
65.0
5,232,065
100
2015-16
3,435,157
64.8
5,299,728
100
2016-17
3,483,124
65.0
5,359,127
100
2017-18
3,507,107
65.0
5,399,682
100
2018-19
3,524,974
64.9
5,431,910
100
2019-20
3,576,850
65.1
5,493,940
100
2020-21
3,464,887
64.5
5,371,586
100
2021-22
3,487,333
64.3
5,427,370
100
2022-23
3,563,890
64.6
5,518,432
100
10-year
change
252,730
7.6
442,592
8.7
Note. Students may be counted in more than one category.
a
English as a second language.
b
Beginning with the 2019-20 school year, bilingual/ESL
program data reflect the number and percentage of students who were reported as
participating in state-approved instructional program models or alternative language
programs.
c
Emergent bilingual student/English learner.
d
Not available.
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 29
Table 15
Enrolled Career and Technical Education
Concentrators, Texas Public Schools, 2011-12
Through 2021-22
Year
Number
Percent
2011-12
n/a
a
n/a
2012-13
n/a
n/a
2013-14
n/a
n/a
2014-15
n/a
n/a
2015-16
n/a
n/a
2016-17
n/a
n/a
2017-18
494,230
18.0
2018-19
592,431
21.2
2019-20
643,629
22.6
2020-21
657,782
22.9
2021-22
680,074
23.6
10-year change
n/a
n/a
Note. Career and technical education (CTE) participation data are not available
for the current reporting period; therefore, prior-year participation data are pre-
sented in this table. Data reflect the percentages of students in Grades 6-12
who are CTE concentrators.
a
Not available.
30 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Table 16
Enrollment of Emergent Bilingual Students/English Learners, by Special Language Program
Instructional Model, Texas Public Schools, 2012-13 Through 2022-23
Group
Number
Percent
Bilingual education programs
Transitional bilingual/early exit
2012-13
196,590
22.7
2013-14
196,077
21.8
2014-15
201,739
21.3
2015-16
188,115
19.2
2016-17
190,455
18.8
2017-18
198,812
19.6
2018-19
186,607
17.7
2019-20
164,271
14.8
2020-21
138,201
12.5
2021-22
120,077
10.2
2022-23
111,244
8.8
10-year change
-85,346
-43.4
Transitional bilingual/late exit
2012-13
73,414
8.5
2013-14
69,344
7.7
2014-15
64,512
6.8
2015-16
60,824
6.2
2016-17
58,062
5.7
2017-18
56,841
5.6
2018-19
48,141
4.6
2019-20
38,747
3.5
2020-21
36,498
3.3
2021-22
31,457
2.7
2022-23
27,066
2.1
10-year change
-46,348
-63.1
Dual immersion/two-way
2012-13
38,732
4.5
2013-14
42,874
4.8
2014-15
47,968
5.1
2015-16
52,193
5.3
2016-17
56,865
5.6
2017-18
60,359
5.9
2018-19
64,869
6.1
2019-20
67,832
6.1
2020-21
67,987
6.1
2021-22
70,515
6.0
2022-23
78,101
6.1
10-year change
39,369
101.6
Group
Number
Percent
Dual immersion/one-way
2012-13
179,160
20.7
2013-14
186,667
20.7
2014-15
189,847
20.0
2015-16
199,401
20.3
2016-17
191,423
18.9
2017-18
164,890
16.2
2018-19
165,271
15.7
2019-20
168,348
15.1
2020-21
166,863
15.0
2021-22
176,414
15.0
2022-23
184,230
14.5
10-year change
5,070
2.8
Bilingual alt. lang.
a
program
2012-13
n/a
b
n/a
2013-14
n/a
n/a
2014-15
n/a
n/a
2015-16
n/a
n/a
2016-17
n/a
n/a
2017-18
n/a
n/a
2018-19
n/a
n/a
2019-20
70,283
6.3
2020-21
73,100
6.6
2021-22
88,875
7.6
2022-23
103,289
8.1
10-year change
n/a
n/a
English as a second language programs
ESL
c
/content-based
2012-13
199,032
23.0
2013-14
209,060
23.2
2014-15
221,601
23.3
2015-16
243,172
24.8
2016-17
260,916
25.8
2017-18
264,301
26.0
2018-19
198,671
18.8
2019-20
158,543
14.2
2020-21
127,641
11.5
2021-22
132,800
11.3
2022-23
140,672
11.1
10-year change
-58,360
-29.3
Note. Parts may not add to 100 percent because of rounding.
a
Alternative language.
b
Not available.
c
English as a second language.
d
Emergent bilingual students/English learners.
continues
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 31
Table 16 (continued)
Enrollment of Emergent Bilingual Students/English Learners, by Special Language Program
Instructional Model, Texas Public Schools, 2012-13 Through 2022-23
Group
Number
Percent
ESL
c
/pull-out
2012-13
129,760
15.0
2013-14
148,203
16.5
2014-15
175,740
18.5
2015-16
190,013
19.4
2016-17
207,272
20.5
2017-18
225,643
22.2
2018-19
346,926
32.9
2019-20
347,252
31.2
2020-21
399,509
36.0
2021-22
436,385
37.1
2022-23
465,538
36.6
10-year change
335,778
258.8
ESL alt. lang.
a
program
2012-13
n/a
b
n/a
2013-14
n/a
n/a
2014-15
n/a
n/a
2015-16
n/a
n/a
2016-17
n/a
n/a
2017-18
n/a
n/a
2018-19
n/a
n/a
2019-20
52,476
4.7
2020-21
54,036
4.9
2021-22
70,640
6.0
2022-23
108,448
8.5
10-year change
n/a
n/a
Group
Number
Percent
No services
2012-13
47,994
5.6
2013-14
48,251
5.4
2014-15
47,667
5.0
2015-16
46,769
4.8
2016-17
45,763
4.5
2017-18
44,526
4.4
2018-19
44,687
4.2
2019-20
45,784
4.1
2020-21
45,048
4.1
2021-22
48,170
4.1
2022-23
51,945
4.1
10-year change
3,951
8.2
All EB/ELs
d
2012-13
864,682
100
2013-14
900,476
100
2014-15
949,074
100
2015-16
980,487
100
2016-17
1,010,756
100
2017-18
1,015,372
100
2018-19
1,055,172
100
2019-20
1,113,536
100
2020-21
1,108,883
100
2021-22
1,175,333
100
2022-23
1,270,533
100
10-year change
405,851
46.9
Note. Parts may not add to 100 percent because of rounding.
a
Alternative language.
b
Not available.
c
English as a second language.
d
Emergent bilingual students/English learners.
32 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Table 17
Enrollment for Nontraditional School Models, Texas Public Schools,
2021-22 and 2022-23
Group
2021-22
(N)
2021-22
(%)
2022-23
(N)
2022-23
(%)
CCRSM
a
ECHS
b
63,279
1.2
62,483
1.1
P-TECH
c
17,271
0.3
21,277
0.4
T-STEM
d
50,184
0.9
43,687
0.8
Charter school models
District-authorized charter
school campus
65,200
1.2
65,165
1.2
State-authorized charter school
377,375
7.0
404,089
7.3
Note. Students may be counted in more than one category.
a
College and Career Readiness School Models.
b
Early College High School.
c
Pathways in Technology Early College
High School.
d
Texas Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics.
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 33
Enrollment
for Instructional Programs and Special Populations by Race/Ethnicity
• Because rates for smaller groups can be less stable over time, discussions of results in this section are
restricted to the five largest racial/ethnic groups: African American, Asian, Hispanic, White, and mul-
tiracial. See the section "Reporting of Race/Ethnicity" on page 2 for additional information.
• Analysis of program participation reveals that the racial/ethnic compositions of some instructional
programs tend to differ from that of the student population as a whole (Figure 9 on this page and
Table 18 on page 34).
• In 2022-23, Hispanic students accounted for 52.9 percent of the total student population but
66.2 percent of students identified as at-risk (Table 18 on page 34).
• In 2022-23, White students accounted for larger proportions of students with dyslexia, students re-
ceiving special education services, and students receiving Section 504 services (37.8%, 26.9%, and
41.6%, respectively) than of the overall student population (25.7%).
• African American and Hispanic representation was smaller in gifted and talented programs (6.6% and
41.5%, respectively) and larger in Title I programs (13.6% and 62.9%, respectively) than in the over-
all student population (12.8% and 52.9%, respectively) in 2022-23. Conversely, Asian, White, and
multiracial representation was larger in gifted and talented programs (12.1%, 35.9%, and 3.6%, re-
spectively) and smaller in Title I programs (2.3%, 18.4%, and 2.4%, respectively) than in the overall
student population (5.1%, 25.7%, and 3.0%, respectively).
Figure 9
Enrollment for Instructional Programs by Race/Ethnicity, Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Note. Students may be counted in more than one category. ESL=English as a second language. Bilingual/ESL program data reflect the percentages of students
who were reported as participating in state-approved instructional program models or alternative language programs.
0
20
40
60
80
100
Bilingual/ESL Gifted and talented Section 504 Special education Title I
Enrollment (%)
Instructional Program
African American Asian Hispanic White
34 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Table 18
Enrollment for Instructional Programs and Special Populations by Race/Ethnicity, Texas Public
Schools, 2021-22 and 2022-23
Race/ethnicity
At-risk
(N)
At-risk
(%)
Bilingual/
ESL
a,b
(N)
Bilingual/
ESL
(%)
Dyslexia
(N)
Dyslexia
(%)
EB/
EL
c
(N)
EB/
EL
(%)
2021-22
African American
353,592
12.2
28,026
2.4
29,549
10.9
22,503
1.9
American Indian
10,104
0.3
4,559
0.4
971
0.4
4,593
0.4
Asian
100,323
3.5
72,020
6.1
1,983
0.7
73,620
6.3
Hispanic
1,910,378
65.9
1,030,197
86.9
125,781
46.4
1,033,928
88.0
Pacific Islander
4,076
0.1
1,064
0.1
244
0.1
1,047
0.1
White
465,002
16.0
43,856
3.7
104,724
38.6
35,125
3.0
Multiracial
57,540
2.0
5,789
0.5
7,714
2.8
4,517
0.4
2022-23
African American
357,670
12.2
29,754
2.3
33,255
11.0
24,726
1.9
American Indian
10,120
0.3
4,742
0.4
1,059
0.3
4,782
0.4
Asian
112,353
3.8
85,070
6.6
2,415
0.8
87,264
6.9
Hispanic
1,946,649
66.2
1,103,719
86.2
142,196
47.0
1,107,031
87.1
Pacific Islander
4,152
0.1
1,151
0.1
270
0.1
1,123
0.1
White
448,160
15.3
48,795
3.8
114,328
37.8
40,451
3.2
Multiracial
59,649
2.0
6,466
0.5
9,092
3.0
5,156
0.4
Race/ethnicity
Foster
care
(N)
Foster
care
(%)
Gifted and
talented
(N)
Gifted and
talented
(%)
Homeless
(N)
Homeless
(%)
Immigrant
(N)
Immigrant
(%)
2021-22
African American
3,351
21.7
28,301
6.5
14,835
24.0
6,648
6.1
American Indian
62
0.4
1,272
0.3
208
0.3
446
0.4
Asian
96
0.6
51,410
11.8
612
1.0
16,520
15.2
Hispanic
6,521
42.3
180,745
41.5
34,206
55.5
75,578
69.5
Pacific Islander
25
0.2
501
0.1
120
0.2
220
0.2
White
4,713
30.6
158,378
36.4
9,659
15.7
8,178
7.5
Multiracial
641
4.2
14,749
3.4
2,047
3.3
1,197
1.1
2022-23
African American
2,969
22.1
29,764
6.6
17,972
24.7
5,960
4.9
American Indian
48
0.4
1,293
0.3
240
0.3
336
0.3
Asian
92
0.7
54,702
12.1
646
0.9
20,069
16.4
Hispanic
5,726
42.6
188,303
41.5
40,403
55.6
85,197
69.5
Pacific Islander
33
0.2
544
0.1
147
0.2
212
0.2
White
4,028
29.9
162,704
35.9
10,862
15.0
9,239
7.5
Multiracial
557
4.1
16,379
3.6
2,384
3.3
1,491
1.2
Note. Parts may not add to 100 percent because of rounding. Students may be counted in more than one category.
a
English as a second language.
b
Beginning with the 2019-20 school year, bilingual/ESL program data reflect the numbers and percentages of students who
were reported as participating in state-approved instructional program models or alternative language programs.
c
Emergent bilingual student/English learner.
continues
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 35
Table 18 (continued)
Enrollment for Instructional Programs and Special Populations by Race/Ethnicity, Texas Public
Schools, 2021-22 and 2022-23
Race/ethnicity
Migrant
(N)
Migrant
(%)
Military-
connected
(N)
Military-
connected
(%)
Section
504
(N)
Section
504
(%)
Special
education
(N)
Special
Education
(%)
2021-22
African American
24
0.2
26,173
14.8
44,103
11.0
95,771
15.1
American Indian
20
0.1
661
0.4
1,368
0.3
2,269
0.4
Asian
36
0.2
3,439
1.9
5,001
1.2
15,354
2.4
Hispanic
14,094
97.7
61,742
35.0
169,633
42.2
328,587
51.7
Pacific Islander
2
<0.1
1,007
0.6
383
0.1
820
0.1
White
234
1.6
70,461
39.9
168,185
41.9
173,865
27.4
Multiracial
16
0.1
13,071
7.4
12,975
3.2
18,431
2.9
2022-23
African American
31
0.2
30,698
15.4
43,938
10.8
105,493
15.0
American Indian
14
0.1
701
0.4
1,305
0.3
2,450
0.3
Asian
42
0.3
3,635
1.8
5,518
1.4
17,468
2.5
Hispanic
13,470
97.5
70,002
35.1
172,954
42.4
365,953
52.1
Pacific Islander
5
<0.1
1,163
0.6
388
0.1
874
0.1
White
235
1.7
77,679
39.0
169,880
41.6
189,053
26.9
Multiracial
13
0.1
15,447
7.7
13,921
3.4
21,494
3.1
Race/ethnicity
Title I
(N)
Title I
(%)
State
(N)
State
(%)
2021-22
African American
475,243
13.6
694,302
12.8
American Indian
11,175
0.3
18,028
0.3
Asian
76,458
2.2
261,788
4.8
Hispanic
2,187,768
62.7
2,860,754
52.7
Pacific Islander
4,958
0.1
8,477
0.2
White
652,698
18.7
1,427,241
26.3
Multiracial
79,033
2.3
156,780
2.9
2022-23
African American
483,271
13.6
706,775
12.8
American Indian
10,982
0.3
17,976
0.3
Asian
82,203
2.3
280,742
5.1
Hispanic
2,242,471
62.9
2,921,416
52.9
Pacific Islander
5,091
0.1
8,718
0.2
White
655,737
18.4
1,416,240
25.7
Multiracial
84,135
2.4
166,565
3.0
Note. Parts may not add to 100 percent because of rounding. Students may be counted in
more than one category.
a
English as a second language.
b
Beginning with the 2019-20 school year, bilingual/ESL
program data reflect the numbers and percentages of students who were reported as
participating in state-approved instructional program models or alternative language
programs.
c
Emergent bilingual student/English learner.
36 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Enrollment
for Instructional Programs and Special Populations by Economically
Disadvantaged Status
• The percentage of students identified as economically disadvantaged in 2022-23 was lower than the
percentage identified in 2012-13 for students identified as at-risk, EB students/ELs, and students par-
ticipating in bilingual/ESL programs (Table 19 on page 37).
• In 2022-23, representation of students identified as economically disadvantaged was lowest among
students identified as military-connected (37.0%) and highest among students identified as migrants
(99.1%).
• Whereas economically disadvantaged students made up 62.0 percent of students overall in 2022-23,
they made up larger percentages of students in the following special populations and instructional
programs: students identified as migrants (99.1%), homeless (97.5%), EB students/ELs (84.3%), in
foster care (88.2%), at-risk (76.7%), and immigrants (70.1%); and students participating in bilingual/
ESL programs (83.3%), Title I programs (75.6%), and special education programs (68.2%) (Figure 10
on this page and Table 19 on page 37).
Figure 10
Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged Students Within Instructional Programs, Texas Public
Schools, 2022-23
Note. Students may be counted in more than one category. ESL=English as a second language. Bilingual/ESL program data reflect the percentage of students
who were reported as participating in state-approved instructional program models or alternative language programs.
0
20
40
60
80
100
Bilingual/ESL Gifted and talented Section 504 Special education Title I
Economically Disadvantaged
Enrollment (%)
Instructional Program
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 37
Table 19
Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged Students Within Instructional Programs and Special
Populations, Texas Public Schools, 2012-13 and 2022-23
Year
At-risk
(N)
At-risk
(%)
Bilingual/
ESL
a,b
(N)
Bilingual/
ESL
(%)
Dyslexia
(N)
Dyslexia
(%)
EB/EL
c
(N)
EB/EL
(%)
2012-13
1,746,035
77.1
736,595
87.6
n/a
d
n/a
762,823
88.2
2022-23
2,252,975
76.7
1,066,435
83.3
179,281
59.2
1,071,522
84.3
10-year
change
506,940
29.0
329,840
44.8
n/a
n/a
308,699
40.5
Year
Foster
care
(N)
Foster
care
(%)
Gifted and
talented
(N)
Gifted and
talented
(%)
Homeless
(N)
Homeless
(%)
Immigrant
(N)
Immigrant
(%)
2012-13
n/a
n/a
147,670
38.1
55,927
96.3
47,952
68.2
2022-23
11,865
88.2
175,528
38.7
70,827
97.5
85,875
70.1
10-year
change
n/a
n/a
27,858
18.9
14,900
26.6
37,923
79.1
Year
Migrant
(N)
Migrant
(%)
Military-
connected
(N)
Military-
connected
(%)
Section
504
(N)
Section
504
(%)
Special
education
(N)
Special
education
(%)
2012-13
34,199
97.4
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
292,707
66.4
2022-23
13,692
99.1
73,682
37.0
210,812
51.7
479,280
68.2
10-year
change
-20,507
-60.0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
186,573
63.7
Year
Title I
(N)
Title I
(%)
All econ.
disad.
e
students
(N)
All econ.
disad.
students
(%)
2012-13
2,470,976
74.6
3,058,894
100
2022-23
2,692,803
75.6
3,421,217
100
10-year
change
221,827
9.0
362,323
11.8
Note. Students may be counted in more than one category.
a
English as a second language.
b
Beginning with the 2019-20 school year, bilingual/ESL
program data reflect the number and percentage of students who were reported as
participating in state-approved instructional program models or alternative language
programs.
c
Emergent bilingual student/English learner.
d
Not available.
e
Economically
disadvantaged.
38 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Enrollment
for Instructional Programs and Special Populations by Gender
• Within each instructional program and among each special population for which data were available,
the percentages of enrollment accounted for by female and male students were similar in 2012-13 and
2022-23, with the exception of gifted and talented (Table 20 on page 39).
• Males and females, who made up 51.2 percent and 48.8 percent, respectively, of total public school
enrollment in 2022-23, accounted for similar proportions of each special population except students
with dyslexia, and of each instructional program except Section 504 and special education. Males
were overrepresented in each of these three groups.
• In 2022-23, males made up 55.7 percent of students with dyslexia, whereas females made up
44.3 percent.
• In special education programs in 2022-23, males made up 64.9 percent of enrollment, whereas
females made up 35.1 percent (Figure 11). Similarly, males made up 56.3 percent of students
receiving Section 504 services, whereas females made up 43.7 percent.
Figure 11
Enrollment for Instructional Programs by Gender, Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Note. Students may be counted in more than one category. ESL=English as a second language. Bilingual/ESL program data reflect the percentages of students
who were reported as participating in state-approved instructional program models or alternative language programs.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Bilingual/ESL Gifted and talented Section 504 Special education Title I
Enrollment (%)
Instructional Program
Female Male
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 39
Table 20
Enrollment for Instructional Programs and Special Populations by Gender, Texas Public Schools,
2012-13 and 2022-23
Gender
At-risk
(N)
At-risk
(%)
Bilingual/
ESL
a,b
(N)
Bilingual/
ESL
(%)
Dyslexia
(N)
Dyslexia
(%)
EB/EL
c
(N)
EB/EL
(%)
2012-13
Female
1,040,274
45.9
401,680
47.8
n/a
d
n/a
410,019
47.4
Male
1,224,541
54.1
439,044
52.2
n/a
n/a
454,663
52.6
2022-23
Female
1,396,237
47.5
614,830
48.0
134,049
44.3
605,403
47.6
Male
1,542,516
52.5
664,867
52.0
168,566
55.7
665,130
52.4
10-year change
Female
355,963
34.2
213,150
53.1
n/a
n/a
195,384
47.7
Male
317,975
26.0
225,823
51.4
n/a
n/a
210,467
46.3
Gender
Foster
care
(N)
Foster
care
(%)
Gifted and
talented
(N)
Gifted and
talented
(%)
Homeless
(N)
Homeless
(%)
Immigrant
(N)
Immigrant
(%)
2012-13
Female
n/a
n/a
195,664
50.5
28,865
49.7
33,726
48.0
Male
n/a
n/a
191,959
49.5
29,209
50.3
36,594
52.0
2022-23
Female
6,513
48.4
217,625
48.0
35,972
49.5
59,106
48.2
Male
6,940
51.6
236,064
52.0
36,682
50.5
63,398
51.8
10-year change
Female
n/a
n/a
21,961
11.2
7,107
24.6
25,380
75.3
Male
n/a
n/a
44,105
23.0
7,473
25.6
26,804
73.2
Note. Students may be counted in more than one category.
a
English as a second language.
b
Beginning with the 2019-20 school year, bilingual/ESL program data reflect the numbers and percentages of students who
were reported as participating in state-approved instructional program models or alternative language programs.
c
Emergent bilingual student/English learner.
d
Not
available.
continues
40 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Table 20 (continued)
Enrollment for Instructional Programs and Special Populations by Gender, Texas Public Schools,
2012-13 and 2022-23
Gender
Migrant
(N)
Migrant
(%)
Military-
connected
(N)
Military-
connected
(%)
Section
504
(N)
Section
504
(%)
Special
education
(N)
Special
education
(%)
2012-13
Female
16,901
48.1
n/a
d
n/a
n/a
n/a
144,545
32.8
Male
18,205
51.9
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
296,025
67.2
2022-23
Female
6,700
48.5
97,955
49.1
178,357
43.7
246,375
35.1
Male
7,110
51.5
101,370
50.9
229,547
56.3
456,410
64.9
10-year change
Female
-10,201
-60.4
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
101,830
70.4
Male
-11,095
-60.9
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
160,385
54.2
Gender
Title I
(N)
Title I
(%)
State
(N)
State
(%)
2012-13
Female
1,610,593
48.6
2,469,727
48.7
Male
1,700,567
51.4
2,606,113
51.3
2022-23
Female
1,738,979
48.8
2,693,780
48.8
Male
1,824,911
51.2
2,824,652
51.2
10-year change
Female
128,386
8.0
224,053
9.1
Male
124,344
7.3
218,539
8.4
Note. Students may be counted in more than one category.
a
English as a second language.
b
Beginning with the 2019-20 school year, bilingual/ESL
program data reflect the numbers and percentages of students who were reported as
participating in state-approved instructional program models or alternative language
programs.
c
Emergent bilingual student/English learner.
d
Not available.
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 41
Enrollment for Instructional Programs and Special Populations: CTE
Concentrators
• Because rates for smaller groups can be less stable over time, discussions of results in this section are
restricted to the five largest racial/ethnic groups: African American, Asian, Hispanic, White, and mul-
tiracial. See the section "Reporting of Race/Ethnicity" on page 2 for additional information.
• Between 2020-21 and 2021-22, enrolled CTE concentrators increased by 22,292, or 3.4 percent
(Table 21 on page 42).
• In 2021-22, Hispanic students accounted for the largest percentage of total CTE concentrator enroll-
ment (51.5%), followed by White (29.4%), African American (11.2%), Asian (5.3%), and multiracial
(2.3%) students.
• In the 2021-22 school year, 52.6 percent of enrolled CTE concentrators were identified as economi-
cally disadvantaged compared to 52.1 percent in 2020-21.
• In 2021-22, across Grades 6-12, Grade 12 had the highest enrollment of CTE concentrators, at
255,758 students, followed by Grade 11, at 232,080 students.
• In the 2021-22 school year, there were 25,742 students identified as enrolled CTE concentrators in
state-authorized charter schools and 6,566 in district-authorized charter schools.
42 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Table 21
Career and Technical Education Concentrator Enrollment Summary,
Texas Public Schools, 2020-21 and 2021-22
Group
Enrollment
2020-21
Enrollment
2021-22
Texas public school enrollment
All students
657,782
680,074
Race/ethnicity
African American
74,238
75,908
American Indian
2,041
2,061
Asian
33,313
35,990
Hispanic
339,589
350,018
Pacific Islander
819
872
White
193,722
199,756
Multiracial
14,060
15,469
Economic status
Economically disadvantaged
342,725
357,802
Gender
Female
325,947
335,535
Male
331,835
344,539
Grade
Grade 6
n/a
a
n/a
Grade 7
98
217
Grade 8
2,503
4,102
Grade 9
22,856
31,575
Grade 10
152,107
156,340
Grade 11
227,519
232,080
Grade 12
252,697
255,758
Charter school enrollment
State-authorized charter school
23,104
25,742
District-authorized charter school campus
6,253
6,566
Note. Counts of students across grade levels may not sum to the total because some students were reported in grades
lower than Grade 6.
a
Not available.
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 43
Enrollment by Education Service Center
Regional education service centers (ESCs) are nonregulatory, public institutions created and author-
ized by the Texas Legislature. Their associations with school districts are collaborative and supportive.
Texas is divided into 20 service center regions, and each region has its own ESC. An ESC serves districts
within the geographic boundaries of its service center region. A district may choose to work with an ESC
outside of its service center region. This report presents regional results based on the districts served by
each ESC, including any districts the ESC serves that are located outside its geographic boundaries.
Some of the primary goals of ESCs are to work with the Texas Education Agency and districts to im-
prove student achievement, to help districts become more cost-effective and efficient, and to assist in the
implementation of laws passed by the Texas Legislature and regulations adopted by the commissioner of
education and State Board of Education.
Thirteen of the twenty ESC regions in Texas had gains in enrollment between the 2012-13 and
2022-23 school years, and seven had losses (Figure 12 on page 44 and Table 22 on page 45). Four ESC
regions experienced increases of 15 percent or more. Region 6 (Huntsville), located north and northwest
of Houston, grew by 23.8 percent during the period. Region 14 (Abilene), located west of the Dallas/Fort
Worth area, Region 20 (San Antonio), and Region 10 (Richardson), which includes the city of Dallas,
grew by 19.8 percent, 17.7 percent, and 15.2 percent, respectively. Of the seven ESC regions that had
decreases in enrollment, Region 2 (Corpus Christi) and Region 3 (Victoria) are along the Gulf Coast, Re-
gion 8 (Mt. Pleasant), Region 9 (Wichita Falls), Region 16 (Amarillo), and Region 17 (Lubbock) are in
North Texas, and Region 19 (El Paso) is in West Texas.
Texas Regional
Education Service Centers
44 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
• Between 2021-22 and 2022-23, enrollment increased in fourteen ESC regions and decreased in
six regions. Region 14 (Abilene) had the largest percentage increase in enrollment, at 7.2 percent
(4,506 students), while Region 3 (Victoria) had the largest percentage decrease in enrollment, at
3.3 percent (1,636 students).
• Across ESC regions in 2022-23, Region 4 (Houston) continued to serve the largest proportion of total
state enrollment (22.7%).
• Region 9 (Wichita Falls), with 0.7 percent of total state enrollment, served the smallest student popu-
lation in 2022-23, as it did in each of the preceding 10 years.
• Region 6 (Huntsville) had the greatest percentage gain in enrollment between 2012-13 and 2022-23,
increasing by 23.8 percent (Figure 12 on this page and Table 22 on page 45). Region 19 (El Paso) had
the greatest percentage loss, decreasing by 9.3 percent during the same period.
Figure 12
Change in Enrollment Within Education Service Centers, Texas Public Schools, 2012-13 to 2022-23
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
20 - San Antonio
19 - El Paso
18 - Midland
17 - Lubbock
16 - Amarillo
15 - San Angelo
14 - Abilene
13 - Austin
12 - Waco
11 - Fort Worth
10 - Richardson
9 - Wichita Falls
8 - Mt. Pleasant
7 - Kilgore
6 - Huntsville
5 - Beaumont
4 - Houston
3 - Victoria
2 - Corpus Christi
1 - Edinburg
Change in Enrollment (%)
Region
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 45
Table 22
Enrollment by Education Service Center, Texas Public Schools, 2012-13 Through 2022-23
Year
Region 1
Edinburg
(N)
Region 1
Edinburg
(%)
Region 2
Corpus
Christi
(N)
Region 2
Corpus
Christi
(%)
Region 3
Victoria
(N)
Region 3
Victoria
(%)
Region 4
Houston
(N)
Region 4
Houston
(%)
2012-13
417,490
8.2
105,796
2.1
53,528
1.1
1,123,557
22.1
2013-14
422,509
8.2
106,080
2.1
53,971
1.0
1,147,038
22.3
2014-15
423,921
8.1
105,597
2.0
54,371
1.0
1,174,942
22.5
2015-16
427,671
8.1
101,758
1.9
54,489
1.0
1,194,099
22.5
2016-17
431,028
8.0
101,291
1.9
54,111
1.0
1,207,773
22.5
2017-18
433,171
8.0
103,940
1.9
53,676
1.0
1,212,397
22.5
2018-19
436,115
8.0
103,152
1.9
53,344
1.0
1,201,680
22.1
2019-20
439,638
8.0
101,213
1.8
52,862
1.0
1,248,425
22.7
2020-21
438,396
8.2
96,980
1.8
51,536
1.0
1,217,905
22.7
2021-22
422,858
7.8
94,866
1.7
50,255
0.9
1,232,666
22.7
2022-23
439,336
8.0
96,042
1.7
48,619
0.9
1,252,934
22.7
10-year
change
21,846
5.2
-9,754
-9.2
-4,909
-9.2
129,377
11.5
Year
Region 5
Beaumont
(N)
Region 5
Beaumont
(%)
Region 6
Huntsville
(N)
Region 6
Huntsville
(%)
Region 7
Kilgore
(N)
Region 7
Kilgore
(%)
Region 8
Mt. Pleasant
(N)
Region 8
Mt. Pleasant
(%)
2012-13
81,986
1.6
177,412
3.5
170,293
3.4
56,824
1.1
2013-14
81,726
1.6
181,083
3.5
170,969
3.3
56,681
1.1
2014-15
81,806
1.6
185,402
3.5
171,512
3.3
56,442
1.1
2015-16
82,025
1.5
190,157
3.6
172,644
3.3
61,357
1.2
2016-17
82,466
1.5
193,699
3.6
169,882
3.2
61,585
1.1
2017-18
83,754
1.6
198,781
3.7
169,729
3.1
56,159
1.0
2018-19
84,066
1.5
201,228
3.7
173,796
3.2
56,113
1.0
2019-20
84,510
1.5
205,386
3.7
176,295
3.2
57,895
1.1
2020-21
81,994
1.5
204,785
3.8
174,580
3.3
55,895
1.0
2021-22
83,604
1.5
216,414
4.0
180,380
3.3
55,690
1.0
2022-23
84,405
1.5
219,595
4.0
181,949
3.3
55,907
1.0
10-year
change
2,419
3.0
42,183
23.8
11,656
6.8
-917
-1.6
Note. Parts may not add to 100 percent because of rounding.
continues
46 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Table 22 (continued)
Enrollment by Education Service Center, Texas Public Schools, 2012-13 Through 2022-23
Year
Region 9
Wichita
Falls
(N)
Region 9
Wichita
Falls
(%)
Region 10
Richardson
(N)
Region 10
Richardson
(%)
Region 11
Fort Worth
(N)
Region 11
Fort Worth
(%)
Region 12
Waco
(N)
Region 12
Waco
(%)
2012-13
38,498
0.8
776,920
15.3
562,831
11.1
161,025
3.2
2013-14
38,420
0.7
796,020
15.5
568,506
11.0
162,033
3.1
2014-15
37,910
0.7
812,655
15.5
571,114
10.9
170,011
3.2
2015-16
37,662
0.7
823,914
15.5
578,910
10.9
171,136
3.2
2016-17
37,791
0.7
844,896
15.8
587,488
11.0
173,029
3.2
2017-18
37,569
0.7
867,294
16.1
591,086
10.9
174,566
3.2
2018-19
37,533
0.7
874,990
16.1
593,516
10.9
176,229
3.2
2019-20
37,571
0.7
886,842
16.1
598,572
10.9
177,989
3.2
2020-21
36,916
0.7
870,791
16.2
582,106
10.8
174,677
3.3
2021-22
37,146
0.7
882,725
16.3
592,249
10.9
175,921
3.2
2022-23
36,941
0.7
895,391
16.2
597,543
10.8
177,783
3.2
10-year
change
-1,557
-4.0
118,471
15.2
34,712
6.2
16,758
10.4
Year
Region 13
Austin
(N)
Region 13
Austin
(%)
Region 14
Abilene
(N)
Region 14
Abilene
(%)
Region 15
San Angelo
(N)
Region 15
San Angelo
(%)
Region 16
Amarillo
(N)
Region 16
Amarillo
(%)
2012-13
380,872
7.5
55,738
1.1
48,145
0.9
86,440
1.7
2013-14
388,461
7.5
58,075
1.1
48,919
0.9
86,600
1.7
2014-15
396,228
7.6
59,997
1.1
49,969
1.0
86,346
1.7
2015-16
403,846
7.6
58,704
1.1
50,315
0.9
86,481
1.6
2016-17
387,891
7.2
60,206
1.1
50,296
0.9
86,393
1.6
2017-18
393,317
7.3
58,843
1.1
50,407
0.9
85,462
1.6
2018-19
412,974
7.6
57,720
1.1
50,175
0.9
85,018
1.6
2019-20
393,602
7.2
58,980
1.1
49,591
0.9
84,333
1.5
2020-21
381,742
7.1
60,244
1.1
48,004
0.9
81,980
1.5
2021-22
390,880
7.2
62,295
1.1
49,755
0.9
82,081
1.5
2022-23
387,567
7.0
66,801
1.2
50,253
0.9
81,327
1.5
10-year
change
6,695
1.8
11,063
19.8
2,108
4.4
-5,113
-5.9
Note. Parts may not add to 100 percent because of rounding.
continues
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 47
Table 22 (continued)
Enrollment by Education Service Center, Texas Public Schools, 2012-13 Through 2022-23
Year
Region 17
Lubbock
(N)
Region 17
Lubbock
(%)
Region 18
Midland
(N)
Region 18
Midland
(%)
Region 19
El Paso
(N)
Region 19
El Paso
(%)
Region 20
San Antonio
(N)
Region 20
San Antonio
(%)
2012-13
83,330
1.6
83,305
1.6
182,814
3.6
429,036
8.5
2013-14
84,136
1.6
85,515
1.7
180,305
3.5
434,878
8.4
2014-15
84,299
1.6
87,906
1.7
179,755
3.4
441,882
8.4
2015-16
85,004
1.6
88,319
1.7
179,451
3.4
451,786
8.5
2016-17
84,706
1.6
88,400
1.6
179,010
3.3
477,186
8.9
2017-18
84,362
1.6
91,057
1.7
178,185
3.3
475,927
8.8
2018-19
84,503
1.6
93,459
1.7
176,994
3.3
479,305
8.8
2019-20
84,512
1.5
94,615
1.7
174,752
3.2
486,357
8.9
2020-21
82,526
1.5
89,695
1.7
166,889
3.1
473,945
8.8
2021-22
83,609
1.5
89,515
1.6
166,550
3.1
477,911
8.8
2022-23
83,209
1.5
91,871
1.7
165,778
3.0
505,181
9.2
10-year
change
-121
-0.1
8,566
10.3
-17,036
-9.3
76,145
17.7
Note. Parts may not add to 100 percent because of rounding.
48 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Enrollment
by Education Service Center and Race/Ethnicity
• Because rates for smaller groups can be less stable over time, discussions of results in this section are
restricted to the five largest racial/ethnic groups: African American, Asian, Hispanic, White, and mul-
tiracial. See the section "Reporting of Race/Ethnicity" on page 2 for additional information.
• In the 2022-23 school year, Hispanic students accounted for more than 65 percent of enrollment in
five ESC regions: Region 1 (Edinburg), Region 2 (Corpus Christi), Region 18 (Midland), Region 19
(El Paso), and Region 20 (San Antonio) (Figure 13 on this page and Table 23 on page 49).
• In the 2022-23 school year, African American student enrollment ranged from 1.4 percent of overall
enrollment in Region 1 (Edinburg) to 23.8 percent in Region 5 (Beaumont).
• In the 2022-23 school year, White student enrollment ranged from 2.1 percent of overall enrollment
in Region 1 (Edinburg) to 55.9 percent in Region 9 (Wichita Falls). From 2021-22 to 2022-23, the
percentage of enrollment accounted for by White students increased in 2 ESC regions, decreased in
17 ESC regions, and remained the same in 1 ESC region.
Figure 13
Enrollment by Education Service Center and Race/Ethnicity, Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
20 - San Antonio
19 - El Paso
18 - Midland
17 - Lubbock
16 - Amarillo
15 - San Angelo
14 - Abilene
13 - Austin
12 - Waco
11 - Fort Worth
10 - Richardson
9 - Wichita Falls
8 - Mt. Pleasant
7 - Kilgore
6 - Huntsville
5 - Beaumont
4 - Houston
3 - Victoria
2 - Corpus Christi
1 - Edinburg
Enrollment (%)
Region
African-American Hispanic White
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 49
Table 23
Enrollment by Education Service Center and Race/Ethnicity, Texas Public Schools, 2021-22
and 2022-23
Year
Region 1
Edinburg
(N)
Region 1
Edinburg
(%)
Region 2
Corpus
Christi
(N)
Region 2
Corpus
Christi
(%)
Region 3
Victoria
(N)
Region 3
Victoria
(%)
Region 4
Houston
(N)
Region 4
Houston
(%)
African American
2021-22
5,441
1.3
2,111
2.2
3,716
7.4
229,643
18.6
2022-23
6,107
1.4
2,080
2.2
3,394
7.0
235,312
18.8
American Indian
2021-22
222
0.1
138
0.1
80
0.2
4,157
0.3
2022-23
249
0.1
124
0.1
85
0.2
4,017
0.3
Asian
2021-22
1,970
0.5
1,148
1.2
548
1.1
88,541
7.2
2022-23
2,058
0.5
1,190
1.2
494
1.0
93,195
7.4
Hispanic
2021-22
405,363
95.9
71,267
75.1
29,417
58.5
639,062
51.8
2022-23
420,760
95.8
72,426
75.4
28,837
59.3
650,445
51.9
Pacific Islander
2021-22
117
<0.1
88
0.1
24
<0.1
1,478
0.1
2022-23
130
<0.1
98
0.1
16
<0.1
1,502
0.1
White
2021-22
9,102
2.2
18,780
19.8
15,553
30.9
237,633
19.3
2022-23
9,267
2.1
18,696
19.5
14,880
30.6
234,794
18.7
Multiracial
2021-22
643
0.2
1,334
1.4
917
1.8
32,152
2.6
2022-23
765
0.2
1,428
1.5
913
1.9
33,669
2.7
All students
2021-22
422,858
100
94,866
100
50,255
100
1,232,666
100
2022-23
439,336
100
96,042
100
48,619
100
1,252,934
100
Note. Parts may not add to 100 percent because of rounding.
continues
50 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Table 23 (continued)
Enrollment by Education Service Center and Race/Ethnicity, Texas Public Schools, 2021-22
and 2022-23
Year
Region 5
Beaumont
(N)
Region 5
Beaumont
(%)
Region 6
Huntsville
(N)
Region 6
Huntsville
(%)
Region 7
Kilgore
(N)
Region 7
Kilgore
(%)
Region 8
Mt. Pleasant
(N)
Region 8
Mt. Pleasant
(%)
African American
2021-22
20,033
24.0
23,181
10.7
28,674
15.9
10,442
18.8
2022-23
20,095
23.8
23,640
10.8
28,804
15.8
10,328
18.5
American Indian
2021-22
424
0.5
837
0.4
581
0.3
283
0.5
2022-23
417
0.5
835
0.4
598
0.3
271
0.5
Asian
2021-22
1,733
2.1
6,087
2.8
1,791
1.0
412
0.7
2022-23
1,729
2.0
6,051
2.8
1,781
1.0
408
0.7
Hispanic
2021-22
20,309
24.3
84,827
39.2
56,524
31.3
12,786
23.0
2022-23
21,162
25.1
86,958
39.6
57,405
31.6
13,047
23.3
Pacific Islander
2021-22
55
0.1
288
0.1
133
0.1
52
0.1
2022-23
65
0.1
294
0.1
164
0.1
60
0.1
White
2021-22
38,575
46.1
94,378
43.6
85,545
47.4
28,747
51.6
2022-23
38,301
45.4
94,244
42.9
85,702
47.1
28,610
51.2
Multiracial
2021-22
2,475
3.0
6,816
3.1
7,132
4.0
2,968
5.3
2022-23
2,636
3.1
7,573
3.4
7,495
4.1
3,183
5.7
All students
2021-22
83,604
100
216,414
100
180,380
100
55,690
100
2022-23
84,405
100
219,595
100
181,949
100
55,907
100
Note. Parts may not add to 100 percent because of rounding.
continues
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 51
Table 23 (continued)
Enrollment by Education Service Center and Race/Ethnicity, Texas Public Schools, 2021-22
and 2022-23
Year
Region 9
Wichita
Falls
(N)
Region 9
Wichita
Falls
(%)
Region 10
Richardson
(N)
Region 10
Richardson
(%)
Region 11
Fort Worth
(N)
Region 11
Fort Worth
(%)
Region 12
Waco
(N)
Region 12
Waco
(%)
African American
2021-22
2,508
6.8
162,095
18.4
93,816
15.8
33,252
18.9
2022-23
2,503
6.8
163,375
18.2
95,797
16.0
33,025
18.6
American Indian
2021-22
208
0.6
5,019
0.6
2,125
0.4
624
0.4
2022-23
195
0.5
4,974
0.6
2,128
0.4
638
0.4
Asian
2021-22
545
1.5
78,712
8.9
30,852
5.2
3,699
2.1
2022-23
535
1.4
86,402
9.6
32,500
5.4
3,862
2.2
Hispanic
2021-22
10,963
29.5
384,015
43.5
220,963
37.3
64,305
36.6
2022-23
11,010
29.8
390,116
43.6
224,853
37.6
66,048
37.2
Pacific Islander
2021-22
29
0.1
886
0.1
1,883
0.3
1,532
0.9
2022-23
35
0.1
895
0.1
1,927
0.3
1,543
0.9
White
2021-22
20,986
56.5
223,091
25.3
220,039
37.2
62,650
35.6
2022-23
20,657
55.9
218,950
24.5
216,257
36.2
62,298
35.0
Multiracial
2021-22
1,907
5.1
28,907
3.3
22,571
3.8
9,859
5.6
2022-23
2,006
5.4
30,679
3.4
24,081
4.0
10,369
5.8
All students
2021-22
37,146
100
882,725
100
592,249
100
175,921
100
2022-23
36,941
100
895,391
100
597,543
100
177,783
100
Note. Parts may not add to 100 percent because of rounding.
continues
52 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Table 23 (continued)
Enrollment by Education Service Center and Race/Ethnicity, Texas Public Schools, 2021-22
and 2022-23
Year
Region 13
Austin
(N)
Region 13
Austin
(%)
Region 14
Abilene
(N)
Region 14
Abilene
(%)
Region 15
San Angelo
(N)
Region 15
San Angelo
(%)
Region 16
Amarillo
(N)
Region 16
Amarillo
(%)
African American
2021-22
25,561
6.5
5,400
8.7
1,577
3.2
4,268
5.2
2022-23
25,668
6.6
6,520
9.8
1,620
3.2
4,174
5.1
American Indian
2021-22
903
0.2
192
0.3
87
0.2
335
0.4
2022-23
923
0.2
212
0.3
82
0.2
348
0.4
Asian
2021-22
26,239
6.7
1,940
3.1
309
0.6
2,081
2.5
2022-23
29,027
7.5
2,159
3.2
304
0.6
2,017
2.5
Hispanic
2021-22
182,027
46.6
23,586
37.9
29,053
58.4
39,879
48.6
2022-23
180,845
46.7
25,259
37.8
29,218
58.1
39,778
48.9
Pacific Islander
2021-22
452
0.1
72
0.1
33
0.1
60
0.1
2022-23
456
0.1
90
0.1
29
0.1
61
0.1
White
2021-22
139,983
35.8
28,766
46.2
17,601
35.4
33,519
40.8
2022-23
134,345
34.7
30,019
44.9
17,801
35.4
32,951
40.5
Multiracial
2021-22
15,715
4.0
2,339
3.8
1,095
2.2
1,939
2.4
2022-23
16,303
4.2
2,542
3.8
1,199
2.4
1,998
2.5
All students
2021-22
390,880
100
62,295
100
49,755
100
82,081
100
2022-23
387,567
100
66,801
100
50,253
100
81,327
100
Note. Parts may not add to 100 percent because of rounding.
continues
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 53
Table 23 (continued)
Enrollment by Education Service Center and Race/Ethnicity, Texas Public Schools, 2021-22
and 2022-23
Year
Region 17
Lubbock
(N)
Region 17
Lubbock
(%)
Region 18
Midland
(N)
Region 18
Midland
(%)
Region 19
El Paso
(N)
Region 19
El Paso
(%)
Region 20
San Antonio
(N)
Region 20
San Antonio
(%)
African American
2021-22
5,210
6.2
3,572
4.0
3,625
2.2
30,177
6.3
2022-23
5,202
6.3
3,550
3.9
3,476
2.1
32,105
6.4
American Indian
2021-22
264
0.3
231
0.3
265
0.2
1,053
0.2
2022-23
215
0.3
222
0.2
243
0.1
1,200
0.2
Asian
2021-22
1,040
1.2
1,164
1.3
1,125
0.7
11,852
2.5
2022-23
1,056
1.3
1,179
1.3
1,073
0.6
13,722
2.7
Hispanic
2021-22
48,674
58.2
63,181
70.6
150,466
90.3
324,087
67.8
2022-23
48,634
58.4
65,655
71.5
149,836
90.4
339,124
67.1
Pacific Islander
2021-22
104
0.1
141
0.2
353
0.2
697
0.1
2022-23
90
0.1
157
0.2
330
0.2
776
0.2
White
2021-22
26,641
31.9
19,775
22.1
8,981
5.4
96,896
20.3
2022-23
26,304
31.6
19,602
21.3
9,050
5.5
103,512
20.5
Multiracial
2021-22
1,676
2.0
1,451
1.6
1,735
1.0
13,149
2.8
2022-23
1,708
2.1
1,506
1.6
1,770
1.1
14,742
2.9
All students
2021-22
83,609
100
89,515
100
166,550
100
477,911
100
2022-23
83,209
100
91,871
100
165,778
100
505,181
100
Note. Parts may not add to 100 percent because of rounding.
54 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Enrollment
by Education Service Center and Economically Disadvantaged Status
• From 2012-13 to 2022-23, the percentages of students identified as economically disadvantaged
increased in 16 ESC regions and decreased in 4 ESC regions (Table 24 on page 55).
• In the 2022-23 school year, with the exception of Region 13 (Austin), all ESC regions served popula-
tions in which at least 50 percent of students were identified as economically disadvantaged.
• Across ESC regions in 2022-23, the percentages of students identified as economically disadvantaged
ranged from 45.0 percent in Region 13 (Austin) to 85.6 percent in Region 1 (Edinburg).
• From 2012-13 to 2022-23, the number of students identified as economically disadvantaged increased
in 15 ESC regions and decreased in 5 (Figure 14 on this page and Table 24 on page 55).
Figure 14
Change in Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged Students Within Education Service Centers,
Texas Public Schools, 2012-13 to 2022-23
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
20 - San Antonio
19 - El Paso
18 - Midland
17 - Lubbock
16 - Amarillo
15 - San Angelo
14 - Abilene
13 - Austin
12 - Waco
11 - Fort Worth
10 - Richardson
9 - Wichita Falls
8 - Mt. Pleasant
7 - Kilgore
6 - Huntsville
5 - Beaumont
4 - Houston
3 - Victoria
2 - Corpus Christi
1 - Edinburg
Change in Enrollment (%)
Region
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 55
Table 24
Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged Students Within Education Service Centers, Texas
Public Schools, 2012-13 and 2022-23
Year
Region 1
Edinburg
(N)
Region 1
Edinburg
(%)
Region 2
Corpus
Christi
(N)
Region 2
Corpus
Christi
(%)
Region 3
Victoria
(N)
Region 3
Victoria
(%)
Region 4
Houston
(N)
Region 4
Houston
(%)
2012-13
354,904
85.0
67,894
64.2
33,192
62.0
677,483
60.3
2022-23
376,195
85.6
66,247
69.0
32,075
66.0
818,916
65.4
10-year
change
21,291
6.0
-1,647
-2.4
-1,117
-3.4
141,433
20.9
Year
Region 5
Beaumont
(N)
Region 5
Beaumont
(%)
Region 6
Huntsville
(N)
Region 6
Huntsville
(%)
Region 7
Kilgore
(N)
Region 7
Kilgore
(%)
Region 8
Mt. Pleasant
(N)
Region 8
Mt. Pleasant
(%)
2012-13
48,100
58.7
91,298
51.5
105,114
61.7
36,452
64.1
2022-23
55,437
65.7
121,328
55.3
120,147
66.0
37,885
67.8
10-year
change
7,337
15.3
30,030
32.9
15,033
14.3
1,433
3.9
Year
Region 9
Wichita
Falls
(N)
Region 9
Wichita
Falls
(%)
Region 10
Richardson
(N)
Region 10
Richardson
(%)
Region 11
Fort Worth
(N)
Region 11
Fort Worth
(%)
Region 12
Waco
(N)
Region 12
Waco
(%)
2012-13
21,320
55.4
446,633
57.5
281,706
50.1
95,224
59.1
2022-23
22,245
60.2
510,265
57.0
321,354
53.8
108,264
60.9
10-year
change
925
4.3
63,632
14.2
39,648
14.1
13,040
13.7
Year
Region 13
Austin
(N)
Region 13
Austin
(%)
Region 14
Abilene
(N)
Region 14
Abilene
(%)
Region 15
San Angelo
(N)
Region 15
San Angelo
(%)
Region 16
Amarillo
(N)
Region 16
Amarillo
(%)
2012-13
185,841
48.8
30,736
55.1
28,982
60.2
51,087
59.1
2022-23
174,284
45.0
36,547
54.7
30,912
61.5
49,999
61.5
10-year
change
-11,557
-6.2
5,811
18.9
1,930
6.7
-1,088
-2.1
continues
56 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Table 24 (continued)
Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged Students Within Education Service Centers, Texas
Public Schools, 2012-13 and 2022-23
Year
Region 17
Lubbock
(N)
Region 17
Lubbock
(%)
Region 18
Midland
(N)
Region 18
Midland
(%)
Region 19
El Paso
(N)
Region 19
El Paso
(%)
Region 20
San Antonio
(N)
Region 20
San Antonio
(%)
2012-13
50,843
61.0
42,727
51.3
136,927
74.9
272,431
63.5
2022-23
52,712
63.3
54,696
59.5
127,147
76.7
304,562
60.3
10-year
change
1,869
3.7
11,969
28.0
-9,780
-7.1
32,131
11.8
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 57
Enrollment in State-Authorized Charter Schools
In 1995, the 74th Texas Legislature authorized establishment of state-authorized charter schools,
previously referred to as open-enrollment charter schools, in the state (Texas Education Code [TEC],
Chapter 12, Subchapter D, 1996). State-authorized charter schools are intended to promote local initiative
and capitalize on creative approaches to meet the educational needs of students (TEC §12.001, 2022).
Although considered public schools, they are exempt from many state regulations that apply to traditional
public schools. Generally, state-authorized charter schools are subject to laws and rules that ensure fiscal
and academic accountability but do not unduly regulate instructional methods or pedagogical innovation.
Some state-authorized charter schools target students at risk of dropping out or those who have already
dropped out and use the latitude afforded under statute to accommodate the needs of students who have
had limited success in traditional public schools.
In 2013, the 83rd Texas Legislature amended statute to: (a) transfer authority to grant charters from
the State Board of Education (SBOE) to the commissioner of education; (b) give the SBOE authority to
veto charters the commissioner proposes to grant; and (c) provide for a graduated increase in the cap on
the number of state-authorized charters available for award, from 225 beginning September 1, 2014, to
305 beginning September 1, 2019 (TEC §12.101, 2013). Previously, the cap on the number of active,
state-authorized charters was 215, and that number was reached for the first time in November 2008.
Charter holders may operate more than one campus under a charter, and the cap does not limit the
number of state-authorized charter school campuses that can be operated by a charter holder.
In the 2022-23 school year, there were 188 state-authorized charter schools and 908 state-authorized
charter school campuses that served 404,089 students. State-authorized charter school enrollment in-
creased every year between 1996-97 and 2022-23 (Table 25 on page 58). During that period, year-to-year
change in statewide enrollment in state-authorized charter campuses ranged from a low of 3.1 percent to a
high of 217.0 percent. In 2022-23, statewide enrollment in state-authorized charter campuses increased
from the previous year by 7.1 percent.
Each year between 2012-13 and 2022-23, state-authorized charter school enrollment increased for
African American and Hispanic students (Figure 15 on page 59 and Table 26 on page 60). During the
same period, enrollment for White students increased each year except 2018-19 and 2021-22, enrollment
for Asian students increased each year except 2013-14, and enrollment for multiracial students increased
each year except 2022-23. Across the five largest racial/ethnic groups in 2022-23, Hispanic students ac-
counted for the largest percentage of total enrollment in state-authorized charter schools, followed by
African American, White, Asian, and multiracial students.
Each year between 2012-13 and 2022-23, the majority of state-authorized charter school students met
the state criteria for economic disadvantage (Figure 16 and Table 27 on page 61). In the 2022-23 school
year, 71.8 percent of students were identified as economically disadvantaged.
Across Grades K-12 in 2022-23, the percentages of total enrollment in state-authorized charter
schools accounted for by grade ranged from a low of 4.4 percent in Grade 12 to a high of 8.5 percent
in Grade 6 (Table 28 on page 63). It is important to note that grade-level enrollment in state-authorized
charter schools is affected by the grade levels available to serve students in charter schools. Unlike
traditional school districts, state-authorized charter holders do not consistently serve traditional grade
spans. For example, a charter holder may only have campuses that serve select elementary grades
(e.g., Grades K-4), or a charter holder may open a new campus that initially serves only one grade and,
over time, expand the number of grades that campus serves.
58 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
• In 2022-23, enrollment in state-authorized charter schools increased from the previous year by
7.1 percent, while overall statewide enrollment increased by 1.7 percent.
• In the 2012-13 school year, 179,120 students were enrolled in Texas state-authorized charter schools
(Table 25). By 2022-23, enrollment had risen to 404,089 students.
• In 2022-23, students enrolled in state-authorized charter schools accounted for 7.3 percent of the total
Texas public school population.
Table 25
Statewide Enrollment, Texas State-Authorized
Charter Schools, 1996-97 Through 2022-23
Year
Number
Annual
change (%)
Representation
in public school
enrollment (%)
1996-97
2,426
–
0.1
1997-98
3,861
59.2
0.1
1998-99
12,240
217.0
0.3
1999-00
25,708
110.0
0.6
2000-01
38,044
48.0
0.9
2001-02
47,050
23.7
1.1
2002-03
53,988
14.7
1.3
2003-04
60,833
12.7
1.4
2004-05
66,160
8.8
1.5
2005-06
70,904
7.2
1.6
2006-07
81,107
14.4
1.8
2007-08
90,485
11.6
1.9
2008-09
102,903
13.7
2.2
2009-10
119,642
16.3
2.5
2010-11
134,076
12.1
2.7
2011-12
154,584
15.3
3.1
2012-13
179,120
15.9
3.5
2013-14
203,290
13.5
3.9
2014-15
228,153
12.2
4.4
2015-16
247,389
8.4
4.7
2016-17
272,835
10.3
5.1
2017-18
296,323
8.6
5.5
2018-19
316,869
6.9
5.8
2019-20
336,900
6.3
6.1
2020-21
365,930
8.6
6.8
2021-22
377,375
3.1
7.0
2022-23
404,089
7.1
7.3
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 59
Enrollment in State-Authorized Charter Schools
by Race/Ethnicity
• Because rates for smaller groups can be less stable over time, discussions of results in this section are
restricted to the five largest racial/ethnic groups: African American, Asian, Hispanic, White, and mul-
tiracial. See the section "Reporting of Race/Ethnicity" on page 2 for additional information.
• Between the 2021-22 and 2022-23 school years, enrollment in state-authorized charter schools in-
creased for all racial/ethnic groups with the exception of multiracial students (Figure 15 on this page
and Table 26 on page 60).
• Between 2021-22 and 2022-23, the percentages of total enrollment in state-authorized charter
schools accounted for by Hispanic and Asian students increased by 0.3 percentage points each
(Table 26 on page 60). During the same period, the percentages accounted for by African American,
White, and multiracial students decreased by 0.2 percentage points each.
• In 2022-23, Hispanic students accounted for the largest percentage of total enrollment in state-
authorized charter schools (63.1%), followed by African American (17.1%), White (12.1%),
Asian (5.2%), and multiracial (2.1%) students.
Figure 15
Enrollment by Race/Ethnicity, Texas State-Authorized Charter Schools, 2012-13 Through 2022-23
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23
Enrollment (in Thousands)
School Year
African American Asian Hispanic White
60 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Table 26
Enrollment by Race/Ethnicity, Texas State-Authorized Charter Schools, 2012-13 Through 2022-23
Year
African
American
(N)
African
American
(%)
American
Indian
(N)
American
Indian
(%)
Asian
(N)
Asian
(%)
Hispanic
(N)
Hispanic
(%)
2012-13
38,963
21.8
694
0.4
8,242
4.6
99,708
55.7
2013-14
42,545
20.9
582
0.3
7,034
3.5
115,497
56.8
2014-15
45,914
20.1
694
0.3
10,301
4.5
131,851
57.8
2015-16
47,977
19.4
668
0.3
11,269
4.6
145,760
58.9
2016-17
51,270
18.8
757
0.3
12,637
4.6
163,560
59.9
2017-18
52,674
17.8
926
0.3
13,249
4.5
176,905
59.7
2018-19
56,994
18.0
871
0.3
14,412
4.5
194,819
61.5
2019-20
59,767
17.7
877
0.3
15,640
4.6
209,831
62.3
2020-21
64,408
17.6
971
0.3
17,973
4.9
228,386
62.4
2021-22
65,270
17.3
1,020
0.3
18,379
4.9
237,155
62.8
2022-23
69,197
17.1
1,068
0.3
20,982
5.2
254,842
63.1
10-year
change
30,234
77.6
374
53.9
12,740
154.6
155,134
155.6
Year
Pacific
Islander
(N)
Pacific
Islander
(%)
White
(N)
White
(%)
Multiracial
(N)
Multiracial
(%)
2012-13
134
0.1
28,907
16.1
2,472
1.4
2013-14
140
0.1
34,493
17.0
2,999
1.5
2014-15
163
0.1
35,635
15.6
3,595
1.6
2015-16
192
0.1
37,505
15.2
4,018
1.6
2016-17
191
0.1
39,726
14.6
4,694
1.7
2017-18
206
0.1
46,726
15.8
5,637
1.9
2018-19
249
0.1
43,404
13.7
6,120
1.9
2019-20
255
0.1
43,939
13.0
6,591
2.0
2020-21
345
0.1
46,801
12.8
7,046
1.9
2021-22
318
0.1
46,595
12.3
8,638
2.3
2022-23
388
0.1
49,068
12.1
8,544
2.1
10-year
change
254
189.6
20,161
69.7
6,072
245.6
Note. Parts may not add to 100 percent because of rounding.
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 61
Enrollment in State-Authorized Charter Schools
by Economically Disadvantaged Status
• The number of students identified as economically disadvantaged in state-authorized charter schools
increased by 21,576, or 8.0 percent, between the 2021-22 and 2022-23 school years (Figure 16 and
Table 27).
Figure 16
Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged Students, Texas State-Authorized Charter Schools,
2012-13 Through 2022-23
Table 27
Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged
Students, Texas State-Authorized Charter
Schools, 2012-13 Through 2022-23
Year
Number
Percent
2012-13
125,384
70.0
2013-14
142,680
70.2
2014-15
157,642
69.1
2015-16
170,855
69.1
2016-17
187,086
68.6
2017-18
200,016
67.5
2018-19
221,534
69.9
2019-20
238,599
70.8
2020-21
259,296
70.9
2021-22
268,517
71.2
2022-23
290,093
71.8
10-year change
164,709
131.4
0
20
40
60
80
100
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23
Enrollment (%)
School Year
62 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Enrollment in State-Authorized Charter Schools
by Grade
• In 2022-23, Grade 6 had the highest enrollment in state-authorized charter schools, at 34,442 stu-
dents, followed by Grade 1, at 34,113 students (Figure 17 on this page and Table 28 on page 63).
• Across Grades K-12 in 2022-23, the percentages of total enrollment in state-authorized charter
schools accounted for by grade ranged from a low of 4.4 percent in Grade 12 to a high of 8.5 percent
in Grade 6 (Table 28 on page 63).
• Across Grades K-12, between 2021-22 and 2022-23, enrollment in state-authorized charter schools
increased at every grade level.
Figure 17
Enrollment by Grade, Texas State-Authorized Charter Schools, 2021-22 and 2022-23
Note. EE=Early education. PK=Prekindergarten.
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
EE PK 3 PK 4 K 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Enrollment
Grade
2021-22 2022-23
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 63
Table 28
Enrollment by Grade, Texas State-Authorized Charter Schools, 2021-22
and 2022-23
Grade
2021-22
(N)
2021-22
(%)
2022-23
(N)
2022-23
(%)
Early education
126
<0.1
48
<0.1
Prekindergarten – Age 3
4,651
1.2
5,291
1.3
Prekindergarten – Age 4
13,925
3.7
14,050
3.5
Kindergarten
31,280
8.3
32,558
8.1
Grade 1
31,967
8.5
34,113
8.4
Grade 2
31,072
8.2
33,618
8.3
Grade 3
29,355
7.8
32,390
8.0
Grade 4
27,248
7.2
30,501
7.5
Grade 5
26,546
7.0
29,527
7.3
Grade 6
33,017
8.7
34,442
8.5
Grade 7
31,633
8.4
33,808
8.4
Grade 8
29,481
7.8
31,834
7.9
Grade 9
27,155
7.2
28,482
7.0
Grade 10
22,578
6.0
24,966
6.2
Grade 11
20,220
5.4
20,497
5.1
Grade 12
17,121
4.5
17,964
4.4
All grades
377,375
100
404,089
100
Note. Parts may not add to 100 percent because of rounding.
64 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Enrollment in State-Authorized Charter Schools
for Instructional Programs and Special Populations
• In the 2022-23 school year, 55.4 percent of students in state-authorized charter schools were identi-
fied as at risk of dropping out of school, an increase of 0.6 percentage points from the previous year
(Table 29 on page 65).
• Between 2021-22 and 2022-23, the number of state-authorized charter school students identified as
emergent bilingual students/English learners (EB students/ELs) increased by 16,443, or 14.3 percent.
In the 2022-23 school year, 32.5 percent of students were identified as EB students/ELs, compared to
30.4 percent in 2021-22.
• In the 2022-23 school year, 133,746 students in state-authorized charter schools participated in bilin-
gual or ESL programs. Of these students, 89,508 students (66.9%) participated in alternative language
programs.
• The number of state-authorized charter school students participating in Title I programs increased by
23,708 students, or 7.4 percent, between 2021-22 and 2022-23 (Figure 18 on this page and Table 29
on page 65).
• The percentage of students served in special education programs in state-authorized charter schools
increased from 8.4 percent in 2021-22 to 9.2 percent in 2022-23.
Figure 18
Enrollment in Instructional Programs, Texas State-Authorized Charter Schools, 2012-13
Through 2022-23
Note. Students may be counted in more than one category. ESL=English as a second language. Beginning with the 2019-20 school year, bilingual/ESL program
data reflect the percentage of students who were reported as participating in state-approved instructional program models or alternative language programs.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23
Enrollment (%)
School Year
Bilingual/ESL Gifted and talented Section 504 Special education Title I
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 65
Table 29
Enrollment for Instructional Programs and Special Populations, Texas State-Authorized Charter
Schools, 2012-13 Through 2022-23
Year
At-risk
(N)
At-risk
(%)
Bilingual/
ESL
a,b
(N)
Bilingual/
ESL
(%)
Dyslexia
(N)
Dyslexia
(%)
EB/EL
c
(N)
EB/EL
(%)
2012-13
80,209
44.8
32,268
18.0
n/a
d
n/a
33,365
18.6
2013-14
100,593
49.5
40,096
19.7
1,683
0.8
41,299
20.3
2014-15
115,823
50.8
48,197
21.1
2,273
1.0
49,388
21.6
2015-16
124,546
50.3
56,116
22.7
2,885
1.2
57,018
23.0
2016-17
142,904
52.4
65,155
23.9
3,188
1.2
66,152
24.2
2017-18
151,370
51.1
72,646
24.5
3,867
1.3
73,603
24.8
2018-19
161,550
51.0
91,927
29.0
5,363
1.7
84,968
26.8
2019-20
173,821
51.6
101,114
30.0
6,507
1.9
95,170
28.2
2020-21
182,178
49.8
111,410
30.4
7,788
2.1
105,533
28.8
2021-22
206,848
54.8
118,876
31.5
9,511
2.5
114,868
30.4
2022-23
223,785
55.4
133,746
33.1
11,667
2.9
131,311
32.5
10-year
change
143,576
179.0
101,478
314.5
n/a
n/a
97,946
293.6
Year
Foster
care
(N)
Foster
care
(%)
Gifted and
talented
(N)
Gifted and
talented
(%)
Homeless
(N)
Homeless
(%)
Immigrant
(N)
Immigrant
(%)
2012-13
n/a
n/a
2,750
1.5
1,050
0.6
994
0.6
2013-14
903
0.4
3,335
1.6
1,276
0.6
1,152
0.6
2014-15
991
0.4
4,342
1.9
1,439
0.6
1,033
0.5
2015-16
1,139
0.5
4,931
2.0
1,633
0.7
1,140
0.5
2016-17
1,228
0.5
6,678
2.4
2,218
0.8
1,507
0.6
2017-18
1,391
0.5
7,522
2.5
4,060
1.4
2,070
0.7
2018-19
1,443
0.5
8,294
2.6
3,006
0.9
2,062
0.7
2019-20
1,406
0.4
8,872
2.6
3,040
0.9
3,502
1.0
2020-21
1,315
0.4
9,458
2.6
2,851
0.8
4,416
1.2
2021-22
1,177
0.3
9,547
2.5
3,219
0.9
3,734
1.0
2022-23
943
0.2
10,803
2.7
4,729
1.2
3,863
1.0
10-year
change
n/a
n/a
8,053
292.8
3,679
350.4
2,869
288.6
Note. Students may be counted in more than one category.
a
English as a second language.
b
Beginning with the 2019-20 school year, bilingual/ESL program data reflect the number and percentage of students who
were reported as participating in state-approved instructional program models or alternative language programs.
c
Emergent bilingual student/English learner.
d
Not available.
continues
66 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Table 29 (continued)
Enrollment for Instructional Programs and Special Populations, Texas State-Authorized Charter
Schools, 2012-13 Through 2022-23
Year
Migrant
(N)
Migrant
(%)
Military-
connected
(N)
Military-
connected
(%)
Section
504
(N)
Section
504
(%)
Special
education
(N)
Special
education
(%)
2012-13
143
0.1
n/a
d
n/a
n/a
n/a
11,767
6.6
2013-14
171
0.1
945
0.5
n/a
n/a
13,671
6.7
2014-15
212
0.1
1,199
0.5
n/a
n/a
14,799
6.5
2015-16
171
0.1
1,373
0.6
n/a
n/a
16,179
6.5
2016-17
175
0.1
1,791
0.7
n/a
n/a
18,255
6.7
2017-18
177
0.1
2,065
0.7
n/a
n/a
20,304
6.9
2018-19
223
0.1
2,063
0.7
12,371
3.9
22,630
7.1
2019-20
266
0.1
2,749
0.8
14,445
4.3
26,148
7.8
2020-21
334
0.1
4,092
1.1
16,345
4.5
29,416
8.0
2021-22
267
0.1
5,247
1.4
16,469
4.4
31,815
8.4
2022-23
271
0.1
5,870
1.5
17,643
4.4
37,285
9.2
10-year
change
128
89.5
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
25,518
216.9
Year
Title I
(N)
Title I
(%)
All charter
school
students
(N)
All charter
school
students
(%)
2012-13
148,826
83.1
179,120
100
2013-14
168,112
82.7
203,290
100
2014-15
192,330
84.3
228,153
100
2015-16
199,458
80.6
247,389
100
2016-17
224,279
82.2
272,835
100
2017-18
241,826
81.6
296,323
100
2018-19
264,274
83.4
316,869
100
2019-20
286,351
85.0
336,900
100
2020-21
310,639
84.9
365,930
100
2021-22
319,250
84.6
377,375
100
2022-23
342,958
84.9
404,089
100
10-year
change
194,132
130.4
224,969
125.6
Note. Students may be counted in more than one category.
a
English as a second language.
b
Beginning with the 2019-20 school year, bilingual/ESL
program data reflect the number and percentage of students who were reported as
participating in state-approved instructional program models or alternative language
programs.
c
Emergent bilingual student/English learner.
d
Not available.
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 67
Enrollment in District-Authorized Charter School
Campuses
In 1995, the 74th Texas Legislature authorized establishment of district-authorized charter school
campuses, previously referred to as in-district charter school campuses, in the state (Texas Education
Code [TEC], Chapter 12, Subchapter C, 1996). District-authorized charter school campuses, like state-
authorized charter schools, are intended to promote local initiative and capitalize on creative approaches
to meet the educational needs of students (TEC §12.001, 2022). A school district can convert a campus
to a charter school campus to have additional flexibility granted to state-authorized charter schools;
however, district-authorized charter school campuses remain under the authority of the local school
board and, therefore, are subject to more requirements than state-authorized charter schools. District-
authorized charter school campuses, like traditional campuses in a district, but unlike state-authorized
charter school campuses, must give priority to students within their attendance zones. In addition, district-
authorized charter school campuses are subject to teacher-certification requirements and class-size
limits, among other requirements that do not apply to state-authorized charter schools. In 2017, the 85th
Texas Legislature passed Senate Bill 1882, which created incentives for districts to contract to partner
with state-authorized charter schools, institutions of higher education, nonprofits, or government entities
to operate district-authorized charter school campuses. The incentives include the potential for the district
to receive additional state funding for the partnership campus and a two-year exemption from specific ac-
countability interventions for partnership campuses with unacceptable state accountability ratings.
District-authorized charter school campuses were not identified in PEIMS until the 2002-03 school
year. In 2002-03, there were 8 district-authorized charter school campuses within 3 districts that served
2,621 students. In the 2022-23 school year, there were 127 district-authorized charter school campuses
within 25 districts that served 65,165 students. District-authorized charter school campus enrollment in-
creased most years between 2002-03 and 2022-23 (Table 30 on page 68). Between 2016-17 and 2022-23,
year-to-year change in statewide enrollment in district-authorized charter school campuses ranged from a
24.1 percent decrease to a 52.9 percent increase. In 2022-23, statewide enrollment in district-authorized
charter school campuses decreased from the previous year by 0.1 percent.
Between 2012-13 and 2022-23, across the five largest racial/ethnic groups, Hispanic students consist-
ently accounted for the largest percentage of total enrollment in district-authorized charter school
campuses, typically followed by African American and White students; Asian and multiracial students
consistently accounted for the smallest percentages of enrollment. In 2022-23, Hispanic students made
up 65.7 percent of total enrollment, followed by African American (16.6%), White (13.4%), multiracial
(2.2%), and Asian (1.8%) students.
Each year between 2012-13 and 2022-23, the majority of district-authorized charter school campus
students met the state criteria for economic disadvantage (Figure 16 on page 61 and Table 32 on page 71).
In the 2022-23 school year, 77.3 percent of students were identified as economically disadvantaged.
68 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
• In 2022-23, enrollment in district-authorized charter school campuses decreased from the previous
year by 0.1 percent, while overall statewide enrollment increased by 1.7 percent.
• In the 2012-13 school year, 35,962 students were enrolled in district-authorized charter school cam-
puses (Table 30). By 2022-23, enrollment had risen to 65,165 students.
• In 2022-23, students enrolled in district-authorized charter school campuses accounted for 1.2 percent
of the total Texas public school population.
Table 30
Statewide Enrollment, Texas District-Authorized
Charter School Campuses, 2002-03 Through
2022-23
Year
Number
Annual
change (%)
Representation
in public school
enrollment (%)
2002-03
2,621
–
0.1
2003-04
15,167
478.7
0.4
2004-05
18,382
21.2
0.4
2005-06
18,555
0.9
0.4
2006-07
17,907
-3.5
0.4
2007-08
23,275
30.0
0.5
2008-09
24,734
6.3
0.5
2009-10
28,750
16.2
0.6
2010-11
31,250
8.7
0.6
2011-12
33,979
8.7
0.7
2012-13
35,962
5.8
0.7
2013-14
33,609
-6.5
0.7
2014-15
33,950
1.0
0.6
2015-16
37,228
9.7
0.7
2016-17
38,011
2.1
0.7
2017-18
28,842
-24.1
0.5
2018-19
29,317
1.6
0.5
2019-20
44,820
52.9
0.8
2020-21
62,329
39.1
1.2
2021-22
65,200
4.6
1.2
2022-23
65,165
-0.1
1.2
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 69
Enrollment in District-Authorized Charter School Campuses
by Race/Ethnicity
• Because rates for smaller groups can be less stable over time, discussions of results in this section are
restricted to the five largest racial/ethnic groups: African American, Asian, Hispanic, White, and mul-
tiracial. See the section "Reporting of Race/Ethnicity" on page 2 for additional information.
• Between the 2021-22 and 2022-23 school years, enrollment in district-authorized charter school
campuses decreased for all racial/ethnic groups with the exception of Hispanic students (Figure 19 on
this page and Table 31 on page 70).
• Between 2021-22 and 2022-23, the percentage of total enrollment in district-authorized charter school
campuses accounted for by Hispanic students increased (Table 31 on page 70). During the same pe-
riod, the percentages accounted for by African American, Asian, and White students decreased while
the percentage accounted for by multiracial students remained the same.
• In 2022-23, Hispanic students accounted for the largest percentage of total enrollment in district-
authorized charter school campuses (65.7%), followed by African American (16.6%), White (13.4%),
multiracial (2.2%), and Asian (1.8%) students.
Figure 19
Enrollment by Race/Ethnicity, Texas District-Authorized Charter School Campuses, 2012-13
Through 2022-23
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23
Enrollment (in Thousands)
School Year
African American Asian Hispanic White
70 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Table 31
Enrollment by Race/Ethnicity, Texas District-Authorized Charter School Campuses, 2012-13
Through 2022-23
Year
African
American
(N)
African
American
(%)
American
Indian
(N)
American
Indian
(%)
Asian
(N)
Asian
(%)
Hispanic
(N)
Hispanic
(%)
2012-13
6,732
18.7
94
0.3
630
1.8
24,152
67.2
2013-14
6,019
17.9
94
0.3
738
2.2
21,861
65.0
2014-15
5,694
16.8
88
0.3
777
2.3
22,190
65.4
2015-16
5,843
15.7
121
0.3
929
2.5
24,585
66.0
2016-17
6,282
16.5
99
0.3
977
2.6
24,491
64.4
2017-18
4,602
16.0
77
0.3
534
1.9
18,657
64.7
2018-19
3,954
13.5
79
0.3
589
2.0
19,632
67.0
2019-20
8,486
18.9
133
0.3
783
1.7
28,168
62.8
2020-21
10,956
17.6
185
0.3
1,012
1.6
39,643
63.6
2021-22
11,402
17.5
163
0.3
1,376
2.1
41,787
64.1
2022-23
10,814
16.6
134
0.2
1,160
1.8
42,838
65.7
10-year
change
4,082
60.6
40
42.6
530
84.1
18,686
77.4
Year
Pacific
Islander
(N)
Pacific
Islander
(%)
White
(N)
White
(%)
Multiracial
(N)
Multiracial
(%)
2012-13
42
0.1
3,989
11.1
323
0.9
2013-14
41
0.1
4,452
13.2
404
1.2
2014-15
39
0.1
4,786
14.1
376
1.1
2015-16
39
0.1
5,256
14.1
455
1.2
2016-17
43
0.1
5,595
14.7
524
1.4
2017-18
35
0.1
4,452
15.4
485
1.7
2018-19
37
0.1
4,503
15.4
523
1.8
2019-20
61
0.1
6,333
14.1
856
1.9
2020-21
85
0.1
9,209
14.8
1,239
2.0
2021-22
84
0.1
8,927
13.7
1,461
2.2
2022-23
74
0.1
8,717
13.4
1,428
2.2
10-year
change
32
76.2
4,728
118.5
1,105
342.1
Note. Parts may not add to 100 percent because of rounding.
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 71
Enrollment in District-Authorized Charter School Campuses
by Economically Disadvantaged Status
• The number of students identified as economically disadvantaged in district-authorized charter school
campuses increased by 980 students, or 2.0 percent, between the 2021-22 and 2022-23 school years
(Figure 20 and Table 32).
Figure 20
Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged Students, Texas District-Authorized Charter School
Campuses, 2012-13 Through 2022-23
0
20
40
60
80
100
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23
Enrollment (%)
School Year
Table 32
Enrollment of Economically Disadvantaged
Students, Texas District-Authorized Charter
School Campuses, 2012-13 Through 2022-23
Year
Number
Percent
2012-13
28,472
79.2
2013-14
25,862
76.9
2014-15
25,244
74.4
2015-16
27,340
73.4
2016-17
27,734
73.0
2017-18
20,162
69.9
2018-19
21,979
75.0
2019-20
34,665
77.3
2020-21
46,709
74.9
2021-22
49,391
75.8
2022-23
50,371
77.3
10-year change
21,899
76.9
72 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Enrollment in District-Authorized Charter School Campuses
by Grade
• In 2022-23, Grade 8 had the highest enrollment in district-authorized charter school campuses, at
7,180 students, followed by Grade 7, at 6,831 students (Figure 21 on this page and Table 33 on
page 73).
• Across Grades K-12 in 2022-23, the percentages of total enrollment in district-authorized charter
school campuses accounted for by grade ranged from a low of 5.2 percent in Grade 12 to a high of
11.0 percent in Grade 8 (Table 33 on page 73).
• Across Grades K-12, between 2021-22 and 2022-23, enrollment in district-authorized charter school
campuses increased in Grades K-2 and Grades 8-10 but decreased in Grades 3-7 and Grades 11-12.
Figure 21
Enrollment by Grade, Texas District-Authorized Charter School Campuses, 2021-22 and 2022-23
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
EE PK 3 PK 4 K 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Enrollment
Grade
2021-22 2022-23
Note. EE=Early education. PK=Prekindergarten.
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 73
Table 33
Enrollment by Grade, Texas District-Authorized Charter School Campuses,
2021-22 and 2022-23
Grade
2021-22
(N)
2021-22
(%)
2022-23
(N)
2022-23
(%)
Early education
83
0.1
106
0.2
Prekindergarten – Age 3
1,286
2.0
1,450
2.2
Prekindergarten – Age 4
2,562
3.9
2,695
4.1
Kindergarten
3,709
5.7
3,886
6.0
Grade 1
3,930
6.0
4,158
6.4
Grade 2
3,831
5.9
4,044
6.2
Grade 3
4,287
6.6
4,003
6.1
Grade 4
4,350
6.7
4,219
6.5
Grade 5
4,526
6.9
4,281
6.6
Grade 6
6,694
10.3
6,238
9.6
Grade 7
7,121
10.9
6,831
10.5
Grade 8
6,987
10.7
7,180
11.0
Grade 9
4,568
7.0
4,673
7.2
Grade 10
4,039
6.2
4,291
6.6
Grade 11
3,813
5.8
3,716
5.7
Grade 12
3,414
5.2
3,394
5.2
All grades
65,200
100
65,165
100
Note. Parts may not add to 100 percent because of rounding.
74 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Enrollment in District-Authorized Charter School Campuses
for Instructional Programs and Special Populations
• In the 2022-23 school year, 65.8 percent of students in district-authorized charter school campuses
were identified as at risk of dropping out of school, an increase of 9.7 percentage points from the pre-
vious year (Table 34 on page 75).
• Between 2021-22 and 2022-23, the number of students in district-authorized charter school campuses
identified as emergent bilingual students/English learners (EB students/EL) increased by 893, or
6.3 percent. In the 2022-23 school year, 23.0 percent of students were identified as EB students/ELs,
compared to 21.7 percent in 2021-22.
• In the 2022-23 school year, 16,602 students in district-authorized charter school campuses partici-
pated in bilingual, ESL, or alternative language programs. Of these students, 3,288 students (19.8%)
participated in alternative language programs.
• The number of students in district-authorized charter school campuses participating in Title I pro-
grams decreased by 429 students, or 0.7 percent, between 2021-22 and 2022-23 (Figure 22 on
this page and Table 34 on page 75).
• The percentage of students served in special education programs in district-authorized charter school
campuses increased from 9.6 percent in 2021-22 to 10.9 percent in 2022-23.
Figure 22
Enrollment in Instructional Programs, Texas District-Authorized Charter School Campuses, 2012-13
Through 2022-23
Note. Students may be counted in more than one category. ESL=English as a second language. Beginning with the 2019-20 school year, bilingual/ESL program
data reflect the percentage of students who were reported as participating in state-approved instructional program models or alternative language programs.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23
Enrollment (%)
School Year
Bilingual/ESL Gifted and talented Section 504 Special education Title I
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 75
Table 34
Enrollment for Instructional Programs and Special Populations, Texas District-Authorized Charter
School Campuses, 2012-13 Through 2022-23
Year
At-risk
(N)
At-risk
(%)
Bilingual/
ESL
a,b
(N)
Bilingual/
ESL
(%)
Dyslexia
(N)
Dyslexia
(%)
EB/EL
c
(N)
EB/EL
(%)
2012-13
18,428
51.2
5,921
16.5
n/a
d
n/a
6,928
19.3
2013-14
18,454
54.9
5,564
16.6
472
1.4
6,089
18.1
2014-15
18,640
54.9
6,418
18.9
535
1.6
6,633
19.5
2015-16
19,018
51.1
7,706
20.7
660
1.8
7,560
20.3
2016-17
20,769
54.6
8,038
21.1
708
1.9
7,777
20.5
2017-18
16,841
58.4
6,925
24.0
677
2.3
6,598
22.9
2018-19
17,524
59.8
7,389
25.2
763
2.6
7,075
24.1
2019-20
27,030
60.3
10,922
24.4
1,308
2.9
10,392
23.2
2020-21
34,211
54.9
13,531
21.7
2,140
3.4
12,729
20.4
2021-22
36,553
56.1
15,288
23.4
2,409
3.7
14,125
21.7
2022-23
42,893
65.8
16,602
25.5
2,694
4.1
15,018
23.0
10-year
change
24,465
132.8
10,681
180.4
n/a
n/a
8,090
116.8
Year
Foster
care
(N)
Foster
care
(%)
Gifted and
talented
(N)
Gifted and
talented
(%)
Homeless
(N)
Homeless
(%)
Immigrant
(N)
Immigrant
(%)
2012-13
n/a
n/a
3,631
10.1
726
2.0
408
1.1
2013-14
27
0.1
3,787
11.3
761
2.3
548
1.6
2014-15
39
0.1
3,845
11.3
655
1.9
732
2.2
2015-16
53
0.1
4,132
11.1
677
1.8
882
2.4
2016-17
64
0.2
4,429
11.7
716
1.9
978
2.6
2017-18
52
0.2
2,125
7.4
441
1.5
512
1.8
2018-19
28
0.1
2,285
7.8
286
1.0
534
1.8
2019-20
85
0.2
2,971
6.6
823
1.8
750
1.7
2020-21
148
0.2
4,796
7.7
659
1.1
779
1.2
2021-22
118
0.2
4,871
7.5
941
1.4
918
1.4
2022-23
118
0.2
5,286
8.1
1,032
1.6
903
1.4
10-year
change
n/a
n/a
1,655
45.6
306
42.1
495
121.3
Note. Students may be counted in more than one category.
a
English as a second language.
b
Beginning with the 2019-20 school year, bilingual/ESL program data reflect the number and percentage of students who
were reported as participating in state-approved instructional program models or alternative language programs.
c
Emergent bilingual student/English learner.
d
Not available.
continues
76 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Table 34 (continued)
Enrollment for Instructional Programs and Special Populations, Texas District-Authorized Charter
School Campuses, 2012-13 Through 2022-23
Year
Migrant
(N)
Migrant
(%)
Military-
connected
(N)
Military-
connected
(%)
Section
504
(N)
Section
504
(%)
Special
education
(N)
Special
education
(%)
2012-13
80
0.2
n/a
d
n/a
n/a
n/a
1,944
5.4
2013-14
67
0.2
134
0.4
n/a
n/a
1,709
5.1
2014-15
51
0.2
138
0.4
n/a
n/a
1,670
4.9
2015-16
42
0.1
178
0.5
n/a
n/a
1,914
5.1
2016-17
58
0.2
236
0.6
n/a
n/a
1,837
4.8
2017-18
19
0.1
276
1.0
n/a
n/a
1,677
5.8
2018-19
16
0.1
330
1.1
1,419
4.8
1,906
6.5
2019-20
75
0.2
376
0.8
2,311
5.2
3,854
8.6
2020-21
102
0.2
1,088
1.7
3,474
5.6
5,772
9.3
2021-22
103
0.2
1,568
2.4
3,589
5.5
6,227
9.6
2022-23
86
0.1
1,222
1.9
3,820
5.9
7,135
10.9
10-year
change
6
7.5
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
5,191
267.0
Year
Title I
(N)
Title I
(%)
All charter
school
students
(N)
All charter
school
students
(%)
2012-13
27,917
77.6
35,962
100
2013-14
28,841
85.8
33,609
100
2014-15
29,105
85.7
33,950
100
2015-16
31,997
85.9
37,228
100
2016-17
32,974
86.7
38,011
100
2017-18
24,778
85.9
28,842
100
2018-19
24,508
83.6
29,317
100
2019-20
38,999
87.0
44,820
100
2020-21
52,608
84.4
62,329
100
2021-22
61,779
94.8
65,200
100
2022-23
61,350
94.1
65,165
100
10-year
change
33,433
119.8
29,203
81.2
Note. Students may be counted in more than one category.
a
English as a second language.
b
Beginning with the 2019-20 school year, bilingual/ESL
program data reflect the number and percentage of students who were reported as
participating in state-approved instructional program models or alternative language
programs.
c
Emergent bilingual student/English learner.
d
Not available.
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 77
National Enrollment Trends
Reporting of National Enrollment Trends
Using enrollment data drawn from the Digest of Education Statistics, published by the National Cen-
ter for Education Statistics (NCES), this section of the report compares population and enrollment num-
bers for Texas, other states, and the nation as a whole. Reporting the most current national data available,
the section highlights population characteristics and program participation, as well as changes in these
populations over many years.
The NCES has different data processing and reporting requirements than the Texas Education
Agency (TEA). As a result, the data reported using NCES figures do not match TEA results in prior
sections of this report. In addition, TEA releases some data sooner than NCES; consequently, school
years reported in this section do not correspond to school years reported in prior sections. Finally, states
may have different criteria for determining student eligibility for certain programs, which can influence
enrollment numbers. These factors should be taken into consideration when making direct comparisons
across states.
When discussing rates by race/ethnicity, because rates for smaller groups can be less stable over time,
discussions of results in this section are restricted to the five largest racial/ethnic groups: African Ameri-
can, Asian, Hispanic, White, and multiracial. See the section "Reporting of Race/Ethnicity" on page 2 for
additional information.
Population Trends
According to national figures, Texas ranked second, behind California, in overall population as
well as school-age population (children ages 5-17) in 2021 (NCES, n.d.-a). Between 2000 and 2021, the
rate of growth in the overall population in Texas was more than twice the rate in the United States as a
whole. The estimated overall population rose to 29.5 million in Texas and to 331.9 million in the United
States, increases of 41.0 percent and 17.6 percent, respectively. Over the same period, the estimated
school-age population increased to 5.6 million in Texas and to 54.7 million in the United States, increases
of 30.2 percent and 2.9 percent, respectively.
Enrollment Trends
National figures indicate that Texas, with more than 5.4 million students, ranked second, behind
California, with nearly 6.0 million students, in public school enrollment in 2021 (NCES, n.d.-b). Of
the four most populous states in the country, Texas had the largest percentage increase in public school
enrollment between 2011 and 2021 (8.6%), followed by Florida (6.2%) (Table 35 on page 78). Public
school enrollment in New York and California decreased by 5.8 and 5.2 percent, respectively. Across all
50 states and the District of Columbia, Texas had the eighth-highest percentage increase in public school
enrollment over the 10-year period, behind the District of Columbia (20.3%), North Dakota (19.7%),
Utah (15.4%), Idaho (12.3%), Nevada (10.7%), South Dakota (10.4%), and Nebraska (8.7%) (NCES,
n.d.-b). Nationwide, public school enrollment decreased at a rate of 0.2 percent.
Enrollment by Race/Ethnicity
In fall of 2021, according to national figures, Texas public school enrollment was 12.8 percent
African American, 4.8 percent Asian, 52.7 percent Hispanic, 26.3 percent White, and 2.9 percent
78 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Table 35
Public School Enrollment, Four Most Populous States and the United
States, Fall 2011 and Fall 2021
Year
California
Florida
New York
Texas
United
States
Fall 2011
6,287,834
2,668,156
2,704,718
5,000,470
49,521,669
Fall 2021
5,959,858
2,833,186
2,548,490
5,428,613
49,433,092
10-year change
(N)
-327,976
165,030
-156,228
428,143
-88,577
10-year change
(%)
-5.2
6.2
-5.8
8.6
-0.2
Source. National Center for Education Statistics (n.d.-b).
multiracial (Table 36 on page 79). By comparison, overall U.S. public school enrollment was 14.9 percent
African American, 5.4 percent Asian, 28.4 percent Hispanic, 45.2 percent White, and 4.7 percent multira-
cial.
Between 2011 and 2021, the percentage of public school enrollment accounted for by Hispanic stu-
dents increased in every state in the United States and in the District of Columbia (NCES, 2015, n.d.-c).
In the four most populous states, the percentage-point increases in enrollment of Hispanic students were
the largest for any racial/ethnic group (Table 36 on page 79). The proportion of public school enrollment
accounted for by Hispanic students rose from 50.8 percent to 52.7 percent (1.9 percentage points) in
Texas and from 23.7 percent to 28.4 percent (4.7 percentage points) nationwide. Across all 50 states and
the District of Columbia, New Mexico had the highest proportion of Hispanic student enrollment (63.2%)
in 2021, followed by California (55.9%) and Texas (52.7%) (NCES, 2015, n.d.-c).
The percentage of public school enrollment accounted for by White students decreased in each of the
four most populous states, as well as in the United States as a whole, between 2011 and 2021 (Table 36
on page 79). In the same period, the percentage of public school enrollment accounted for by African
American students decreased or remained the same in each of the four most populous states, as well as in
the United States as a whole. The proportion of enrollment accounted for by African American students
remained at 12.8 percent in Texas and decreased from 15.8 percent to 14.9 percent (0.9 percentage points)
nationwide. The proportion of enrollment accounted for by White students decreased from 30.6 percent to
26.3 percent (4.3 percentage points) in Texas and from 51.7 percent to 45.2 percent (6.5 percentage
points) nationwide.
Enrollment of Students Identified as Economically Disadvantaged
Eligibility for the National School Lunch and Child Nutrition Program, which provides free and
reduced-price meals to students from low-income families, is used as an indicator of student economic
status. In 2010-11, across all 50 states and the District of Columbia, the percentages of students identified
as eligible ranged from a low of 25.2 percent in New Hampshire to a high of 73.0 percent in the District
of Columbia (NCES, 2023). National figures indicate that 50.3 percent of students in Texas were identi-
fied as eligible in 2010-11 (Table 37 on page 80).
In 2019-20, the percentages of students identified as eligible for free or reduced-price meals ranged
from a low of 24.7 percent in New Hampshire to a high of 76.4 percent in the District of Columbia
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 79
Table 36
Public School Enrollment (%) by Race/Ethnicity, Four Most Populous States and the United States,
Fall 2011 and Fall 2021
Year
African
American
American
Indian
Asian
Hispanic
Pacific
Islander
White
Multiracial
California
Fall 2011
6.5
0.7
11.2
52.1
0.6
26.0
2.9
Fall 2021
5.1
0.5
11.8
55.9
0.4
21.0
5.3
10-year change
(percentage-point)
-1.4
-0.2
0.6
3.8
-0.2
-5.0
2.4
Florida
Fall 2011
23.0
0.4
2.5
28.6
0.1
42.4
3.0
Fall 2021
21.3
0.2
2.8
35.5
0.2
36.1
4.0
10-year change
(percentage-point)
-1.7
-0.2
0.3
6.9
0.1
-6.3
1.0
New York
Fall 2011
18.5
0.5
8.4
23.3
0.2
48.2
0.8
Fall 2021
16.2
0.7
9.9
28.8
0.2
41.0
3.2
10-year change
(percentage-point)
-2.3
0.2
1.5
5.5
0.0
-7.2
2.4
Texas
Fall 2011
12.8
0.4
3.5
50.8
0.1
30.6
1.7
Fall 2021
12.8
0.3
4.8
52.7
0.2
26.3
2.9
10-year change
(percentage-point)
0.0
-0.1
1.3
1.9
0.1
-4.3
1.2
United States
Fall 2011
15.8
1.1
4.7
23.7
0.4
51.7
2.6
Fall 2021
14.9
0.9
5.4
28.4
0.4
45.2
4.7
10-year change
(percentage-point)
-0.9
-0.2
0.7
4.7
0.0
-6.5
2.1
Source. National Center for Education Statistics (n.d.-c).
Note. Parts do not add to 100 percent because of rounding.
(NCES, 2023). The four most populous states—California, Florida, New York, and Texas—had higher
percentages of eligible students than the country as a whole (Table 37 on page 80). National figures indi-
cate that 60.2 percent of students in Texas were eligible for the program, 8.1 percentage points higher
than the national average of 52.1 percent. From 2010-11 to 2019-20, the percentages of students identified
as eligible for free or reduced-price meals increased in California, New York, and Texas and decreased in
Florida. Nationwide, 21 states had decreases in the percentages of eligible students between 2010-11 to
2019-20 (NCES, 2023).
80 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
Table 37
Public School Enrollment (%) of Students Eligible for the National School
Lunch and Child Nutrition Program, Four Most Populous States and the
United States, 2010-11 and 2019-20
Year
California
Florida
New York
Texas
United
States
2010-11
54.1
56.0
48.3
50.3
48.1
2019-20
59.4
53.9
56.1
60.2
52.1
9-year change
(percentage-point)
5.3
-2.1
7.8
9.9
4.0
Source. National Center for Education Statistics (NCES, 2023).
Enrollment of Students Participating in Special Education Programs
According to national figures, a higher percentage of public school students participated in specia
education programs in the United States as a whole (12.9%) than in Texas (8.8%) during the 2011-12
school year (Table 38). By 2021-22, participation in special education had increased to 14.7 percent i
the United States overall and to 11.7 percent in Texas. All of the four most populous states in the cou
l
n
ntry
had percentage-point increases in special education participation between 2011-12 and 2021-22. Nation-
wide in 2021-22, New York had the highest percentage of public school students participating in special
education (20.5%), followed by Pennsylvania and Maine (20.2% and 20.1%, respectively); Idaho, Texas,
and Hawaii had the lowest percentages (11.7%, 11.7%, and 11.3%, respectively) (NCES, n.d.-e).
Table 38
Public School Enrollment (%) of Students Participating in Special
Education Programs, Four Most Populous States and the United States,
2011-12 and 2021-22
Year
California
Florida
New York
Texas
United
States
2011-12
10.7
13.6
16.1
8.8
12.9
2021-22
13.1
14.8
20.5
11.7
14.7
10-year change
(percentage-point)
2.4
1.2
4.4
2.9
1.8
Source. National Center for Education Statistics (2013, n.d.-e).
Enrollment of Students Identified as Emergent Bilingual Students/English
Learners
Students identified as emergent bilingual students/English learners (EB students/ELs) are eligible to
participate in bilingual or English as a second language programs. National figures indicate that the per-
centage of public school students who participated in programs for students identified as EB students/ELs
in 2010 was higher in Texas (16.8%) than in the United States overall (9.2%) (Table 39 on page 81). In
2020, the percentage of students participating in programs for students identified as EB students/ELs
in Texas (20.1%) remained higher than the national percentage (10.3%). Across the four most populous
states in the country, California had the highest percentages of public school students participating in
Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23 81
Table 39
Public School Enrollment (%) of Students Participating in Programs for
Students Identified as Emergent Bilingual Students/English Learners, Four
Most Populous States and the United States, Fall 2010 and Fall 2020
Year
California
Florida
New York
Texas
United
States
Fall 2010
23.3
8.7
7.3
16.8
9.2
a
Fall 2020
17.7
9.7
9.4
20.1
10.3
10-year change
(percentage-point)
-5.6
1.0
2.1
3.3
1.1
Source. National Center for Education Statistics (NCES, n.d.-d).
a
Data were imputed by NCES for non-reporting states.
programs for students identified as EB students/ELs in 2010 (23.3%), and Texas had the highest percent-
age in 2020 (20.1%); New York had the smallest percentages in both 2010 (7.3%) and 2020 (9.4%). Na-
tionwide in 2020, Texas had the highest rate of participation in EB student/EL programs (NCES, n.d.-d).
82 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
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84 Enrollment in Texas Public Schools, 2022-23
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Compliance Statement
Title VI, Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Modified Court Order, Civil Action 5281, Federal District
Court, Eastern District of Texas, Tyler Division.
Reviews of local education agencies pertaining to compliance with Title VI Civil Rights Act of 1964
and with specific requirements of the Modified Court Order, Civil Action No. 5281, Federal District
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1. acceptance policies on student transfers from other school districts;
2. operation of school bus routes or runs on a nonsegregated basis;
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dismissing of faculty and staff members who work with children;
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